Giáo trình Speaking 4 - Trần Thị Gia Quý (Phần 1)

Nội dung text: Giáo trình Speaking 4 - Trần Thị Gia Quý (Phần 1)

1. ®¹i häc huÕ trung t©m ®μo t¹o tõ xa ThS. TrÇn thÞ gia quý GI¸O TR×NH HUÕ - 2007
2. Môc lôc GENERAL INTRODUCTION 3 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION 4 UNIT 2: VERBAL PATTERNS 7 UNIT 4: PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS 17 UNIT 6: EDUCATIONAL ATTITUDES 25 UNIT 7: WORK VALUES 30 UNIT 9: CULTURAL CONFLICT 38 UNIT 10: CULTURAL ADJUSTMENT 42 ASSIGNMENTS 45 ASSIGNMENT 1 45 ASSIGNMENT 2 45 ASSIGNMENT 3 46 ASSIGNMENT 4 46 ASSIGNMENT 5 47 ASSIGNMENT 6 48 ASSIGNMENT 7 48 ASSIGNMENT 8 49 ASSIGNMENT 9 49 ASSIGNMENT 10 50 ASSIGNMENT 11 50 ASSIGNMENT 12 51 ASSIGNMENT 13 51 ASSIGNMENT 14 53 ASSIGNMENT 15 53 ASSIGNMENT 16 54 ASSIGNMENT 17 55 ASSIGNMENT 18 55 ASSIGNMENT 19 56 ASSIGNMENT 20 57 2
3. GENERAL INTRODUCTION This study guide is designed to help learners in improving their speaking skills when they learn the course book Beyond Language by Levine, D. R. and Adelman, M. B. by themselves. The course objectives are upgrading learners’ communicative skills, familiarizing learners with the relationship between language and culture, and encouraging an appreciation of cultural diversity and intercultural process. The guide book is comprised of two main parts: 1. A guide which helps learners to understand the main points presented in each unit, provides learners with the answers to the Comprehension Questions, Vocabulary Exercises and some suggestions on the Conversational Activities. 2. 20 Assignments which give learners more practice and exercises so that they can evaluate their own speaking skills and progress during and after learning the course. Ngæåìi soaûn: ThS. TRÁÖN THË GIA QUY Ï 3
4. UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION I. WARM-UP: Look at the picture in your book, - What are the people doing? - Can you guess the situation? In your country, - What do people say when they introduce one person to another? - Do people say the same thing in both formal and informal situations ? - Do people also shake hands when they are introduced to each other ? II. READING 1. Read the three introductions 2. Varieties of Introductions a. Introduction 1: - Is used in formal situations, when meeting a president of a university, or a director of a company, etc. The relationship between the speakers is formal. - Uses longer sentences, titles ( Dr., Mr.) - Uses formal words and phrases: “I would like to introduce you to ,” “How do you do?”, “It’s a pleasure to meet you.”) b. Introductions 2 and 3: - Are used in more informal situations, when meeting a friend, a close relative, a family member, etc. The relationship between the speakers is more informal. - Do not use titles or last names. - Use reduced words and sentences and simple language: “It’s nice to meet you” becomes “Nice to meet you.” “How are you doing?” becomes “How ya doing?” 3. Use of Titles in Introductions - When there is a difference in status or age between the two individuals, formal titles and last names are used unless the person of lower status is told to use the first name. - In informal introductions there is a tendency to reduce status differences by using first names. - In more formal situations, the title along with the last names is appropriate. 4. Eye Contact and Handshaking in Introductions - Direct eye contact and firm handshakes during introductions are customary in the United States. In introductions as well as in general conversations, speakers maintain frequent eye contact. When shaking hands, people shake firmly and briefly. 5. “Small Talk” After Introductions 4
5. - “Small talk” is a type of conversation in which impersonal or trivial subjects are discussed immediately after introductions are made. - “Small talk” helps to maintain conversations and can lead into interesting discussions. - Speakers initiate small talk with such questions as: “Do you live in this area?”, “ How do you like living here?” or “What are you studying?” or “What do you do?”/ “What is your job?”. - It is uncommon and considered impolite to ask, “How much money do you make?” or “How much does your house cost?”. - Other questions: “Are you married?” or “How old are you?” are too personal for initial meetings. 6. Cultural Variations in Introductions - Styles of introductions, including initial conversations and nonverbal rituals, vary among individuals and situations, and vary from country to country. - The purpose of all introductions is always the same - to provide an opportunity for people to get to know each other. III. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS Answers: 1. b 2. b 3. a 4. a 5. c 6. b 7. c 8. a 9. b 10. b IV. VOCABULARY Some new words: - Exemplify (v): illustrate by example; be an example of - Rapport (n): sympathetic relationship - Prolonged (a): continuing for a long time - Ritual (n): all the rites or forms connected with a ceremony; any procedure regularly followed Vocabulary Exercises A. 1. illustrated 2. casual 3. A suitable response 4. recommended 5. Similarly 6. shortened 7. rank 8. inclination 9. relationship B. 1. d 2.b 3. b 4. a 5. c 6. d 7. a 8. d C. 1. a. flowing b. flow c. flow 5
6. 2. a. variety b. Various c. vary 3. a. considerable b. considerably 4. a. purpose b. purposeless c. purposely D. staring d prolonged c ritual b coincidence a palm e V. CONVERSATIONAL ACTIVITIES A. Interviews and Introductions Some suggested questions for interviews: * Data questions: - Can you tell me your name? / What’s your name? - Where were you born? - What language(s) can you speak? - How long have you been living here / in this city? - Have you ever lived in other cities? - What is your academic major? - What do you like doing in your free time? / What is your hobby? * Conversational questions: - Have you ever been to a foreign country? - Have you got any idea about the culture of (England / France/ )? - Do you often speak to foreign people? - What is the most interesting custom of your country?/ Can you tell me an interesting custom of your country? Etc. B. Introductory Speech and Cultural Objects C. Problem Solving You can choose your own solution. This is one suggested way: You introduce Bill to Dr. Daley and invite Bill to sit down, then say to Bill that you and Dr. Daley are discussing about your career goals and invite Bill to join in if he wants to. If Bill is interested, he will take part in the conversation and may give your some good advice, too. If he is not, he may say sorry and go. D. Role-Play Some suggestions: 1. - To your classmate: (informal) - To your English teacher: (formal) - To the director of your school: (very formal) 6
7. 2. You may start by saying: “This is a very nice party, isn’t it? My name is What’s your name?” etc. 3. “It’s very crowded in here at this time, isn’t it? My name is I’m studying at (class). What about you? ” 4. “I’m very glad to meet you. My friend often tells me a lot about your university. I’m very interested in it and I am thinking of taking a course here. Could you please tell me about the requirements of entering the university?” E. Multiple- Choice Questionnaire Suggested answers: In the United States: 1. c 2. c 3. d 4. b 5. b 6. a 7. a, b, c F. Cross- Cultural Questions: Suggested ideas: 1. To friends or to younger people 2. To people of higher status or to older people, or when you are not sure of the age of the person you are speaking to. UNIT 2: VERBAL PATTERNS I. WARM-UP: - Look at the picture in your book. - What are the people in the picture doing? - Look at the faces of the two people. Can you guess what each person is speaking? - In your country, do people often say “Thank you”? In what situations? II. READING Some main ideas of the reading: 1. Paragraph A & B: - A word for “thank you” exists in almost every language, but how and when it is used is not always the same. For Americans, this expression is used as a polite response to different kinds of favors and compliments, and is often automatic. 2. Rules and Styles of Speaking 7
8. In language there are tacit rules of speaking that are not usually studied in a formal manner. These unspoken ”rules” exist in every language but differ differently from culture to culture. Some important rules include permissible degrees of directness in speech and forms of politeness used in daily conversation. 3. Directness in American English - American English strongly emphasizes directness in verbal interaction. (“Don’t beat around the bush,” “Let’s get down to business,” “Get to the point” all indicate impatience with avoiding issues. - Directness is also seen when information is requested from strangers or from people who are not well-known to you, or in offers and responses to offers . - There are limits to the degree of directness a person is allowed to express, especially with people of higher status such as teachers and employers. 4. Invitations A frequently misunderstood area in American verbal interaction is that of extending, accepting, and refusing invitations. Someone might say something that sounds like an invitation but that never results in an actual meeting with another person, and of course there are invitations that require definite commitments. (See the examples in the book.) 5. Speaking and Refraining from Speaking - Many Americans interpret silence in a conversation to mean disapproval, disagreement, or unsuccessful communication. They often try to fill silence by saying something even when they have nothing to say. - On the other hand, Americans don’t appreciate a person who dominates a conversation. - Knowing when to take turns in conversation in another language can sometimes cause difficulty. Interrupting someone who is speaking is considered rude in the United States. Even children are taught explicitly not to interrupt. 6. Different Ways of Expressing Common Needs Individuals in every culture have similar basic needs but express them differently. Some of the verbal patterns we use are influenced by our culture. The different modes of expressions represent variations on the same theme. Each language reflects and creates cultural attitudes, each has a unique way of expressing human need. III. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. c 5. a 6. b 7. b 8. b 9. a IV. VOCABULARY: Some new words and phrases: - Tacit (a): unspoken, understood without being put into words 8
9. - Commitment (n): promise - Genuine (a): true; really what it is said to be - Mode (n): way in which sth is done; way of speaking and behaving - Explicit (a): clearly and fully expressed; definite - Don’t beat around the bush: Âæìng noïi voìng vo næîa. - Let’s get down to business: Chuïng ta haîy âi thàóng vaìo váún âãö. - Get to the point: Âi thàóng vaìo váún âãö âi - Out with it!, Speak up!, Go right ahead : Noïi thàóng ra âi Vocabulary Exercise: A. Synonyms: 1. gives 2. courtesy 3. way 4. unspoken 5. considerably 6. conversation 7. show 8. conclude 9. voice B. Word Forms 1. a. Actually b. actual 2. a. definitely b. definite 3. a. genuine b. genuineness c. genuinely 4. a. unconscious b. unconsciously c. unconsciousness C. Definitions 1. unique 2. disapproval 3. interpretation 4. mode 5. praised 6. reflects 7. explicit 8. disagree 9. dominates D. Matching Extended e hesitates a Automatic d embarrassed f Sensitivity (to) b commitments c E. Phrases and Expressions 1. b 2. c 3. a 4. b V. CONVERSATIONAL ACTIVITIES A. Language Style 1. - To your professor: “I’m sorry to trouble you, but the students in the class are talking all the time and I can’t hear what you speak or I can’t concentrate on the subject. Could you please do something to improve the situation?” - To your friend: “I feel very uncomfortable in the class this morning. The students are talking al the time. They are so noisy that I can’t hear the professor and sometimes can’t concentrate on the subject. What should I do?” 9
10. 2. - Your parents: “Mum and Dad, I really need some money at the moment. I’m sorry but please lend me some. I promise to give you back immediately when I have money.” - Your friend: ”Jane, could you do me a favor? I really need some money now. I wonder if you could lend me some. I will give you back next week.” 3. - To the student: “Well, what a great job you have done. I really like the article. Congratulations!” - To the professor: “I have just read your article. It’ s very excellent. I have learnt many interesting ideas from it.” B. Initiating and Maintaining Conversations: * The problems with the first conversation: This is a one-sided conversation. Rick gave a lot of questions and Debbie only gave very short answers without asking Rick anything. This will give Rick the feeling that Debbie was not interested in talking to him. 1. Debbie: From New York. And what about you? Rick: I was born here and I have lived here since then. Why did you come to California? Debbie: To study. I really like this city, so exciting and lots of interesting things to discover. Rick: I’m glad you say that. What are you studying? Debbie: Solar energy. And you? Rick: Information technology. How long do you plan to stay here? Debbie: Two years. I think until I finish my college. Rick: That’s right. When did you come? Debbie: Three weeks ago. I’m trying to get accustomed to life here 2. Mari: Ms. Sofia: Yes. I think it needs a learner’s ability, time and hard work. Mari: Ms. Sofia: Yes. Some languages have simpler grammar and pronunciation than the others. Mari: Ms. Sofia: Yes. It will be useful for them to get acquaintance to foreign languages when they are still young. At this time their acquisition ability is very good. 3. Discussion Some suggested ideas: 10
11. a. Discuss with one of your classmates a poor lecture you have just attended: - You couldn’t learn anything from that lecture. - You couldn’t hear the lecturer clearly: he didn’t talk loud enough and did not have clear pronunciation; the class was noisy. - The information provided was not updated. - The topic for the discussion was not practical. b. Discuss with one of your professors university policy about foreign student admissions. - Criteria for entering the university: knowledge, language, education background? - Type of course attended? - The age of learners? - etc. c. Discuss with a neighbor environmental problems in your country - Types of pollution: air, water, soil, etc. - Causes of pollution: factories, means of transport, garbage, fertilizers from fields, etc. - Methods to protect environment. d. Discuss with an American student difficulties of being a foreign student - At university: methods of learning and teaching, professors’ pronunciation, timetable, course requirements, classmate relationship, relationship with professors, etc. - Others: lifestyles, culture differences, food and cuisines, shopping, house renting, climates, etc. e. Discuss with a fellow student effective ways of learning foreign languages - Forming good habits in listening to the radio or cassettes - Frequently speaking using the language with foreigners or friends - Usually reading books, stories - Practising writing. Etc. C. Invitations Discuss (page 34): the invitation changed from indefinite to definite when Selma said, “If you want we can make a date now.” This change was accomplished by their giving definite time of meeting. 1. Invitation I: 3 Invitation II: 3 Invitation III: 5 Invitation IV: 3 ( or maybe 4. they do not give a definite time in April) Invitation V: 5 ( or maybe 4 because Patrick did not agree strongly, “I’ll try ”) 11
12. Invitation VI: 3 Follow-up: - Words or phrases indicate that an invitation is + definite: Are you free on to come to (dinner) at our place? We are going to on Would you like to join us? Why don’t you drop by (Friday night)? I’m having Let’s meet on + indefinite: When are we getting together? You know my office number. Just give me a call. I think we should have (lunch) together one day soon. How about if we get together sometime in ? I’ll call you soon I’d like to have you over to my place sometimes this semester. How about if I call you sometimes and we’ll figure out a good time? Come to my office when you are free and I’ll see if I can get away. 2. D. Multiple- Choice Questionnaire: Answers: 1. c 2. d 3. c 4. b 5. d 6. a, b, c, d 7. b, d 8.c, d 9. c, d 10. a 11. b E. Cross- Cultural Questions: Use your own knowledge of your own culture to compare with what you have learned about American culture in this unit. UNIT 3: NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION I. WARM-UP - Look at the pictures in the book. - What is each person doing? Look at their face expressions, their gestures - their hands, their body. Can you tell what each person is doing or thinking? - In communication, beside using words, what else do you also use to express your ideas or your emotions? - What do you understand about nonverbal communication? - Do you frequently use nonverbal language in your communication? 12
13. - Can you tell about some popular gestures or face expressions or body movements and their meanings in your culture? In American culture? II. READING Some main ideas: - According to one study done in America, in the communication of attitudes, 93 percent of the message was transmitted by the tone of the voice and by facial expressions, whereas only 7 percent of the speaker’s attitude was transmitted by words. We express our emotions and attitudes more nonverbally than verbally. Cultural Differences in Nonverbal Communication - Nonverbal communication expresses meaning or feeling without words. Universal emotions, such as happiness, fear, and sadness, are expressed in a similar nonverbal way throughout the world. There are, however, nonverbal differences across cultures that may be a source of confusion for foreigners. - What is acceptable in one culture may be completely unacceptable in another. In order to correctly interpret another culture’s style of communication, it is necessary to study the “silent language” of that culture. Gestures - Gestures refer to specific body movements that carry meaning. - Not all gestures are universal. Facial expressions - Facial expressions carry meaning determined by contexts and relationships. - The degree of facial expressiveness also varies among individuals and cultures. Eye Contact - Eye contact is important because insufficient or excessive eye contact may create communication barriers. It is important in relationships because it serves to show intimacy, attention, and influence. - In a conversation, too little eye contact may be seen negatively because it conveys lack of interest, inattention, or even mistrust. Space - The amount of space changes depending on the interpersonal relationship. Personality also determines the size of this space. - For Americans, distance in social conversation is about an arm’s length to four feet. * Culture does not always determine the messages that our body movements convey. Contexts, personalities, and relationships also influence them. Like verbal language, nonverbal communication cannot be completely separated from culture. 13
14. III. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS 1. c 2. b 3. c 4. c 5. b 6. a 7. c 8. b 9. b 10. a 11. c IV. VOCABULARY Some new words: - Withdrawal (a): pulling or drawing back, taking back, moving back or away - Affection (n): kindly feeling, love - Obscene (a): morally disgusting; offensive - Disguise (v): change the appearance, etc of in order to deceive or hide the identity of; conceal, cover up - Grimace (n): ugly twisted expression (on the face), expressing pain, disgust, or intended to cause laughter - Flirt (v): show affection for amusement, without serious intentions; pretend to be interested in; think about, but not seriously Flirtatious (a): fond of flirting - Restraint (n): keeping under control; preventing sb/sth from doing sth; limitation - Ethnic (a): of race or the races of mankind; of a particular cultural group - Insufficient (a): not enough - Excessive (a): too much; too great; extreme - Intimacy (n): the state of being close and familiar; the state of being private and personal - Invisible (a): that cannot be seen - Introvert (n): person who is more interested in his own thoughts and feelings than in things outside himself - Extrovert (n): person more interested in what goes on around him than in his own thoughts and feelings; lively, cheerful person - Counterpart (n): person or thing exactly like, or closely corresponding to, another - Intrude (v): force (sth, oneself, upon sb, into a place); enter without invitation - Defensive (a): used for, intended for, defending Defensively (adv) - To have a deadpan expression: (of a person’s face, looks) show no emotion - To have a poker face: ( of a face) betray/ show no emotion - To read someone’s face like a book: It’s easy to understand what a person’s thinking by looking at his/her face expressions 14
15. Vocabulary Exercises A. Synonyms 1. stressed 2. backing away 3. sent 4. global 5. hugged 6. love 7. clicking 8. copy 9. go with 10. indecent B. Multiple Choice 1. c 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. d 6. c 7. a 8. d C. Definitions: 1. threat 2. introvert 3. associated 4. intruder 5. accidentally 6. extrovert 7. invisible 8. counterparts 9. defensive D. Matching Confusion f Shocking g Gesture b Grimace a Wink h Flirtatious d Ethnic e Background i Acknowledging c V. CONVERSATIONAL ACTIVITIES A. Gestures Follow-up: Suggested ideas: - We do not have a gesture of “Good luck; I hope it works out” in Vietnamese. The gesture with this meaning in American has a different meaning in Vietnamese; people usually use it to show an obscene action. - You should only use the gestures of “Cut; that’s enough; stop or it’s all over for me” and “Come here” with younger people or people of the same age, not with elder people or people of higher status. B. Charades (Troì chåi âäú chæî) C. Nonverbal Cues Student Teacher Man Woman ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ Teacher Student Woman Man Example: yawning - - - - No eye contact - - - - Hands on hips - + - - - Prolonged silence + - + - 15
16. Nodding - + Leaning forward + + - + - Impassive face + + + + Leaning away - - - - Crossing arms + - + - + - + - Sitting close - + - + - Smiling + + + + D. Role-Plays E. Observation Task F. Nonverbal Communication: Description and Opinion Description Opinion 1. The woman was aggressive because she √ √ stood close to the man. 2. The two men embraced each other two √ times before leaving. 3. The woman stood three feet from the man. √ 4. They are superficial because they smile at √ √ each other even though they are strangers. 5. Their farewells was cold because they √ √ didn’t touch each other. 6. the two women walked arm-in arm for an √ hour. 7. Because fathers and sons do not hug, they √ √ do not love each other. 8. The teacher did not stand near the √ children. G. Multiple- Choice Questionnaire 1. a, d 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. a 6. c 16