Tiếng anh chuyên ngành Điện-Điện tử

Nội dung text: Tiếng anh chuyên ngành Điện-Điện tử

1. Bé gi¸o dôc vµ ®µo t¹o Tr−êng §¹i häc S− ph¹m kü thuËt H−ng Yªn TiÕng Anh Chuyªn ngµnh ®iÖn-®iÖn tö 8- 2006 Section of foreign language
2. CONTENT page Unit 1: Conductors, insulators and semiconductors 1 Unit 2: Circuit elements 8 Unit 3: DC motor 17 Unit 4: Electrical ignition 28 Unit 5: Moving coil 31 Unit 6: Process control systems 38 Unit 7: Semiconductor 45 Unit 8: Cathode ray tube 52 Unit 9: Alarm system 59 Unit 10: Music centre 66 Chú giải sơ đồ mạch 74 Tóm tắt phần ngữ pháp 82
3. English for electrical and electronic engineering Unit 1 Conductors, insulators and semiconductors I. Reading and comprehension: If we connect a battery across a body, there is a movement of free electrons towards the positive end. This movement of electrons is an electric current. All materials can be classified into three groups according to how readily they permit an electric current to flow. These are: conductors, insulators and semiconductors. In the first category are substances which provide an easy path for an electric current. All metals are conductors, however some metals do not conduct well. Manganin, for example, is a poor conductor. Copper is a good conductor, therefore it is widely used for cables. A non-metal which conducts well is carbon. Salt water is an example of a liquid conductor. A material which does not easily release electrons is called an insulator. Rubber, nylon, porcelain and air are all insulator. There are no perfect insulators. All insulators will allow some flows of electrons, however this can usually be ignored because the flow they permit is so small. (see Fig 1.1) Fig.1.1: Semiconductor are mid-way between conductors and insulators. Under certain conditions they allow a current to flow easily but under others they behave as insulators. Germanium and silicon are semiconductors. These are known as thermistors. The resistance of thermistors falls rapidly as their temperature rises. They are therefore used in temperature sensing devices. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 1
4. English for electrical and electronic engineering Exercise 1: Rephrasing Rewrite the following sentences, replacing the words in italics with expressions from the passage which have similar meanings: 1. The flow of free electrons is called an electric current. 2. Materials in the first group are called conductors. 3. Materials which provide a path for an electric current are conductors. 4. All insulators permit some flow of electrons. 5. Germanium sometimes acts as an insulator and sometimes as a conductor. Exercise 2: Contextual reference Which do the pronouns in italics in these sentences refer to? 1. All material can be classified into three groups according to how readily they permit an electric current to flow (line 3) a) Three groups b) All materials c) Free electrons 2. Under certain conditions, they allow a current to flow easily but under others they behave as insulators (line 16) a) Conductors. b) Semiconductors c) Insulators 3. These are known as thermistors. (line 18) a) Metallic oxides. b) Semiconductors. c) Mixtures of certain metallic oxides. 4. They are therefore used in temperature-sensing devices. a) Thermistors. b) Semiconductors. c) Metallic oxides. Exercise 3: Checking facts and ideas. Describe if these statement are true or false. Quote from the passage to support your decision. 1. Electrons flow from positive to negative. 2. Copper provides an easy path for an electric current . Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 2
5. English for electrical and electronic engineering 3. All metals are good conductors. 4. All good conductors are metals. 5. Air is not a perfect good insulator. 6. Rubber readily releases electrons. 7. The resistance of a thermistor is higher at low temperature than at high temperatures. Exercise 4: Describing shapes Study these nouns and adjective for describing the shapes of objects: Shape Noun adjective shape noun Adjective 2D 3 D Sphere Spherical Circle Circular Semi- Semi- Cylinder Cylindrical circle circular Tube Tubular Square Square Rectangular Rectangle Rectangular Line edges Straight Rounded curve pointed When something has a regular geometric shape we can use one of the adjectives from the table to describe it: Example: A square wave Now describe the shape of the following objects as completely as possible: E T Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 3
6. English for electrical and electronic engineering 1. Ceramic capacitor a) b) c) 2. Transformer laminations 3. Electrolytic capacitor 4. Antenna 5. Magnet 6. Resistor II. Use of English: 1. Relative clauses 1 Study these sentences: 1- Starter motor brushes are made of carbon 2- The carbon contains copper. Both these sentences refer to carbon. We can link them by making sentence 2 a relative clauses. 1+2. Starter motor brushes are made of carbon WHICH CONTAINS COPPER. The relative clause is capitals. Note that THE CARBON in sentence 2 becomes WHICH. Study these other pairs of sentences and note hoe they are linked. 3- 33kV lines are fed to intermediate substations, 4- In the intermediate substations the voltage is stepped down to 11kV. 3 +4. 33 kV lines are fed to intermediate substations WHERE THE VOLTAGE IS STEPPED DOWN TO 11Kv. Now link these sentences. Make the second sentence in each pair a relative clause. 1. The coil is connected in a series with a resistor. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 4
7. English for electrical and electronic engineering The resistor has a value of 249 ohms. 2. The supply is fed to the distribution substation. The supply is reduced to 415 V in the distribution substation 3. Workers require a high degree of illumination. The workers assemble very small precision instrument. 4. Manganin is a metal. This metal has a relatively high resistance. 5. The signal passes to the detector. The signal is rectified by the detector. 6. A milliammeter is an instrument. The instrument is used fro measuring small current. 7. Workers require illumination of 300 lux. The workers assemble heavy machinery. 8. Armoured cables are used in places There is a risk of mechanical damage in these places. 2. Reason and result connectives 1 Study these sentences: 1. Copper is used for cables. 2. Copper is a good conductor. Sentence 1 tells us what copper is used for. Sentence 2 tells us why it is used, sentence 2 provides a reason for sentence 1. we can link a statement and a reason using because. 1+2. Copper is used for cables BECAUSE it is a good conductor. When the reason is a noun a noun phrase, we can use because of . Note that a comma is used before therefore. Now link these ideas using because and therefore to make shorten two sentences. 1. Soft iron is used in electromagnets. Soft iron can be magnetized easily 2. The voltage is 250 V and the current 5 A. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 5
8. English for electrical and electronic engineering The resistance is 50 ohms 3. Pvc is used to cover cables. Pvc is a good insulator. 4. Transistors can be damaged by the heat. Care must be taken when soldering transistors. 5. Capacitance is usually measured in microfarads or pico-farads. The farad is too large a unit. 6. Output transistors are mounted on a heat sink. Output transistors generate heat 7. It is easy to control the speed of DC motors. DC motors are used when variable speeds are required. 8. A cathode ray tube screen glows when an electron beam strike it. The screen is coated with a phosphor. 3. Mathematical symbols used in electrical engineering and electronics Study the table of mathematical symbols used in electrical engineering and electronics in Appendix 1. Then write out the following expressions in full: Example: I = E (Read: I is equal E over R) R 1. P = I2 x R 2. 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 Rtot R1 R2 R3 3. B α H 2 2 4. XL = Z − R 5. Frequency ability ≈ 0.04 % / oC 100x104 6. Z = 200x10−5 Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 6
9. English for electrical and electronic engineering III. Further reading: Conductors, insulators, and electron flow The electrons of different types of atoms have different degrees of freedom to move around. With some types of materials, such as metals, the outermost electrons in the atoms are so loosely bound that they chaotically move in the space between the atoms of that material by nothing more than the influence of room-temperature heat energy. Because these virtually unbound electrons are free to leave their respective atoms and float around in the space between adjacent atoms, they are often called free electrons. In other types of materials such as glass, the atoms' electrons have very little freedom to move around. While external forces such as physical rubbing can force some of these electrons to leave their respective atoms and transfer to the atoms of another material, they do not move between atoms within that material very easily. This relative mobility of electrons within a material is known as electric conductivity. Conductivity is determined by the types of atoms in a material (the number of protons in each atom's nucleus, determining its chemical identity) and how the atoms are linked together with one another. Materials with high electron mobility (many free electrons) are called conductors, while materials with low electron mobility (few or no free electrons) are called insulators. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 7
10. English for electrical and electronic engineering Unit 2 Circuit elements I. Reading and comprehension: Current moves from a point of high potential energy to one of low potential. It can only do so if there is a path for it to follow. This path is called an electrical circuit. All circuits contain four elements: a source, a load, a transmission system and a control. The source provides the electromotive force. This establishes the difference in potential which makes the current to flow possible. T he source can be any devices which supplies electrical energy. For example, it many be a generator or a battery. The load converts the electrical energy from the source into some other form of energy. For instance, a lamp changes electrical energy into light and heat. The load can be any electrical device. The transmission system conducts the current round the circuit. Any conductor can be part of a transmitting system. Most systems consist of wires. It is often possible, however, for the metal frame of a unit to be one section of its transmission system. For example, the metal chassis of many electric devices are used to conduct current. Similarly, the body of a car is part of its electrical transmission system. The control regulates the current flow in the circuit. It may control the current by limiting it, as does a rheostat, or by interrupting it, as does a switch. Figure 2.1 Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 8
11. English for electrical and electronic engineering Study figure 2.1. In this simple flashlight circuit, the source comprises three 1.5V cells in series. The load is a 0.3 W bulb. Part of transmission system is the metal body of the flashlight, and the control is a sliding switch. Compare figure 2.2. The function of this circuit is to operate a television camera aboard a space satellite. Here the source is a battery of solar cells. A solar cell is an electric cell which converts sun light into energy. The load is the television camera. The transmission system is the connecting wires. The control is a relay actuated bys transmissions from ground control. Although the function of this circuit is much more complex than that of the flashlight, it too consists of the four basic elements. Exercise 1: Rephrasing Rewrite the following sentences, replacing the words in italics with expressions from the passage which has a similar meaning. 1. A lamp converts electrical energy into light. 2. The generator provides the circuit with electromotive force. 3. The metal frame of the oscilloscope is part of its transmission system. 4. The rheostat controls the current flow in the circuit. 5. A battery of a solar cells supplies power to the circuit. Exercise 2: Contextual reference What do the pronouns in italics in these sentences refer to? 1. Current moves from a point of high potential energy to one of low potential. (line 1) A- Current. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 9
12. English for electrical and electronic engineering B- Energy C- A point 2. For example, it may be a generator or a battery. (line 7) A- The source B- A device C- Electromotive force 3. It is often possible, however, for the metal frame of a unit to be one section of its transmission system. (line 13) A- The metal frame’s B- The unit’s C- The circuit’s 4. Although the function of this circuit is much more complex than that of the flashlight, it too consists of the four elements. (line 27) A- This circuit B- The function C- The flashlight Exercise 3: Checking fact and ideas Decide if these statements are true (T) or false (F). Quote from the passage to support your decisions. 1. A difference in potential is required before current can flow in a circuit. 2. A generator is a source of electromotive force. 3. Loads converts systems must consist of wires. 4. A rheostat may be used as a control. 5. The load in the flashlight circuit is a solar cell. 6. Loads convert electrical energy into light and heat. 7. The source in the satellite circuit is a solar cell. 8. The current flow in the satellite circuit is regulated by a relay. 9. the flashlight circuit differs basically from the satellite circuit. II. Use of language Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 10
13. English for electrical and electronic engineering 1. Describing function When we answer the question what does it do?. We describe the function of It. Example: What does a fuse do? It protect a circuit. We can emphasize function by using this pattern: The function of a fuse id to protect a circuit. Now identify and explain the function of each component with help of this list. a- adds capacitance to a circuit. b- rectifies alternating currents. c- adds resistance to a circuit. d- measures very small currents. e- breaks a circuit. f- protect a circuit. g- varies the current in a circuit. h- transforms AC voltages. i- receives RF signal j- selects a frequency 1 3 5 7 9 Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 11
14. English for electrical and electronic engineering 2. Describing purpose When we answer the question What is it for?, we describe the purpose of It. Example: What is an ammeter for? It is for measuring current. Other ways we can describe the purpose of an ammeter are: 1. It is used for measuring current. 2. It is used to measure current. 3. We measure current with an ammeter. 4. We measure current using an ammeter. Now describe the purpose of these instruments and tools using any of the structures presented above. 1. a voltmeter. 2. a soldering iron. 3. a milli-ammeter 4. an oscilloscope. 5. a heat sink 6. wire-clippers. 7. a mega-ohmmeter 8. an ohmmeter 9. a signal generator. 10. a battery charger. 3. Relative clause 2: making definition Study these two sentences: The cables were undamaged. The cables were armoured. We can link in two ways using a relative clause: 1. The cables WHICH WERE ARMOURED were undamaged 2. The cables, WHICH WERE ARMOURED, were undamaged. Sentence 1 means that only armoured cables were undamaged. Other cables, for example PVC coated cables, were damaged. The relative clause is a Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 12
15. English for electrical and electronic engineering defining one. It defines the type of cable which were undamaged. It carries essential information. Sentence 2 means that all the cables were undamaged and all the cables were armoured. The relative clause is a non-defining one. It adds extra information to the sentence still makes goof sense. It is separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. One use of defining relative clauses is to make definition. Study this diagram. We can make a definition of a solar cell by joining (a), (b) and (c). A solar cell is an electric cell which converts sunlight into electrical energy. Now make eight definitions using information in this table. You must decide the correct combinations of (A), (B) and (C). (A) (B) (C) A generator a material measures light An insulator an instrument readily releases electrons An alternating current a current flows first in one direction then in the other A direct current a device A resistor does not readily release electrons. A conductor Impedes the flow of current in a circuit A light meter An ammeter Measures current Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Flows in one direction only 4. Terms used in electrical engineering and electronics Study and write out the following expressions in full Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 13
16. English for electrical and electronic engineering V 1 1. I = 6. V = R ∞C 1 2. B α H 7. f = = 79.5 Hz 2πCX C 3. P = I2 x R = 40 W. 8. y = 1 P Q 1.6 x 10−3 1 4. V = = = 80 V 9. F = = 8750 Hz C 20 x 10−6 r 2π (LC) 4 V 5. Z = R 2 + (X − X ) 2 = 330Ω 10. = I= VY L C Z 5. Describing component values Study this table Prefix symbol Multiple example giga G 109 GHz gigahertz mega M 106 M Ω mega-ohms kilo k 103 kV kilovolts deci d 10-1 dB decibels milli m 10-3 mW milliwatts micro µ 10-6 µA microamps nano n 10-9 nF nanofarads pico p 10-12 pF picofarads Identify the following components in the circuit of the amplifier and wire out their value in full 1. R 4 5. F 1 2. R 9 6. L1 3. C 5 7. RL 4. C 1 8. R 8 Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 14
17. English for electrical and electronic engineering III. Further reading Electric circuits You might have been wondering how electrons can continuously flow in a uniform direction through wires without the benefit of these hypothetical electron Sources and Destinations. In order for the Source-and-Destination scheme to work, both would have to have an infinite capacity for electrons in order to sustain a continuous flow! Using the marble-and-tube analogy, the marble source and marble destination buckets would have to be infinitely large to contain enough marble capacity for a "flow" of marbles to be sustained. The answer to this paradox is found in the concept of a circuit: a never-ending looped pathway for electrons. If we take a wire, or many wires joined end-to-end, and loop it around so that it forms a continuous pathway, we have the means to support a uniform flow of electrons without having to resort to infinite Sources and Destinations: Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 15
18. English for electrical and electronic engineering Each electron advancing clockwise in this circuit pushes on the one in front of it, which pushes on the one in front of it, and so on, and so on, just like a hula- hoop filled with marbles. Now, we have the capability of supporting a continuous flow of electrons indefinitely without the need for infinite electron supplies and dumps. All we need to maintain this flow is a continuous means of motivation for those electrons, which we'll address in the next section of this chapter. It must be realized that continuity is just as important in a circuit as it is in a straight piece of wire. Just as in the example with the straight piece of wire between the electron Source and Destination, any break in this circuit will prevent electrons from flowing through it: An important principle to realize here is that it doesn't matter where the break occurs. Any discontinuity in the circuit will prevent electron flow throughout the entire circuit. Unless there is a continuous, unbroken loop of conductive material for electrons to flow through, a sustained flow simply cannot be maintained. • REVIEW: • A circuit is an unbroken loop of conductive material that allows electrons to flow through continuously without beginning or end. • If a circuit is "broken," that means it's conductive elements no longer form a complete path, and continuous electron flow cannot occur in it. • The location of a break in a circuit is irrelevant to its inability to sustain continuous electron flow. Any break, anywhere in a circuit prevents electron flow throughout the circuit. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 16
19. English for electrical and electronic engineering Unit 3 The DC motor I. Reading and comprehension: Figure 3.1 An electric motor is a machine for converting electrical energy into mechanical energy. Motors can be designed to run on direct (DC) or alternating current (DC). The motor shown in figure 3.1 is a DC motor. Its most important parts are the motor, the stator and the brush gear. The motor is the moving part. It contains an armature, which is a set of wire loops wound on a steel core. When current is fed to the armature. These windings produce a magnetic field. The armature and core are mounted on a shaft which runs on bearings. It provides a means of transmitting power from the motor. The motor also contains a commutator. This consists of a number of copper segments insulated from one other. The armature windings are connected to these segments. Carbon brushes are held in contact with the commutator by springs. These brushes allow current to pass to the armature windings. As rotor turns, the commutator acts as a switch making the current in the armature alternate. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 17
20. English for electrical and electronic engineering The stator does not move. It consists of magnetic and electrical conductors. The magnetic circuit is made of the frame and the poles. Wound round the poles are the field coils. These form the stator’s electrical circuit. When current is fed to them, a magnetic field is set up in the stator. The motor operates on the principle then when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, a force is produced on the conductor. The interaction of the forces produced by the magnetic field of the rotor and the stator make the rotor spin. Exercise 1: meaning from context Select the word from the three alternatives given which is most similar to meaning to the word in italics as it is used in the passage: 1. Provides (line 8) 3. alternate (line 15) A- Produces A- reverse B- Supplies B- change C- Allows C- flow in one direction then in another 2. segments (line 11) 4. interaction (line 22) A- sections A- acting together B- pieces B- operation C- wires C- result Exercise 2: Complete a diagram Complete the following diagram of the component of a DC motor using the information in the passage and figure 3.1 Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 18
21. English for electrical and electronic engineering Exercise 3: Describing positions Describe the following components are located using the information in the passage and the figure 3.1 1. The armature windings 2. the core 3. the field coils 4. the poles. 5. commutator II. Use of language: 1. Describing component part 1 The following verbs can be used to break down a piece of equipment into its component part. Note how they are used: Study this description of a simple transformer: A simple transformer consist of two coils, primary and secondary, wound on a former which is mounted on a soft-iron core. The coils are made up of a number of laminations of turns of insulated wire. The core is composed of thin laminations. Either E-and I-or U- and T-shaped laminations are used. The former is mounted on the centre limb of the E or T. Now complete this diagram of the components of the transformer: Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 19
22. English for electrical and electronic engineering Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 20
23. English for electrical and electronic engineering Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 21
24. English for electrical and electronic engineering 2. Writing impersonal instructions Study these instructions 1. Use a high-resistance voltmeter. 2. Do not insert a fuse in an earth conductor In writing instructions are often made impersonal using should Example: 1. a high-resistance voltmeter SHOULD be used. 2. a fuse SHOULD NOT be inserted in an earth conductor. We emphasize an instruction by using must Example: 1. a high-resitance voltmeter MUST be used 2. a fuse MUST NOT be inserted in an earth conductor III. Further reading: DC motors Figure 3.2 A simple DC electric motor. When the coil is powered, a magnetic field is generated around the armature. The left side of the armature is pushed away from the left magnet and drawn toward the right, causing rotation. The armature continues to rotate. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 22
25. English for electrical and electronic engineering When the armature becomes horizontally aligned, the commutator reverses the direction of current through the coil, reversing the magnetic field. The process then repeats. One of the first electromagnetic rotary motors, if not the first, was invented by Michael Faraday in 1821, and consisted of a free-hanging wire dipping into a pool of mercury. A permanent magnet was placed in the middle of the pool. When a current was passed through the wire, the wire rotated around the magnet, showing that the current gave rise to a circular magnetic field around the wire. This motor is often demonstrated in school physics classes, but brine is sometimes used in place of the toxic mercury. The modern DC motor was invented by accident in 1873, when Zénobe Gramme connected a spinning dynamo to a second similar unit, driving it as a motor. The classic DC motor has a rotating armature in the form of an electromagnet with two poles. A rotary switch called a commutator reverses the direction of the electric current twice every cycle, to flow through the armature so that the poles of the electromagnet push and pull against the permanent magnets on the outside of the motor. As the poles of the armature electromagnet pass the poles of the permanent magnets, the commutator reverses the polarity of the armature electromagnet. During that instant of switching polarity, inertia keeps the classical motor going in the proper direction. (See the diagrams to the right.) DC motor speed generally depends on a combination of the voltage and current flowing in the motor coils and the motor load or braking torque. The speed of the motor is proportional to the voltage, and the torque is proportional to the current. The speed is typically controlled by altering the voltage or current flow by using taps in the motor windings or by having a variable voltage supply. As this type of motor can develop quite high torque at low speed it is often used in traction applications such as locomotives. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 23
26. English for electrical and electronic engineering However, there are a number of limitations in the classic design, many due to the need for brushes to rub against the commutator. The rubbing creates friction, and the higher the speed, the harder the brushes have to press to maintain good contact. Not only does this friction make the motor noisy, but it also creates an upper limit on the speed and causes the brushes eventually to wear out and to require replacement. The imperfect electric contact also causes electrical noise in the attached circuit. These problems vanish when you turn the motor inside out, putting the permanent magnets on the inside and the coils on the outside thus designing out the need for brushes in a brushless design. However such designs need electronic circuits to control the switching of the electromagnets (the function that is performed in conventional motors by the commutator). Wound field DC motor The permanent magnets on the outside (stator) of a DC motor may be replaced by electromagnets. By varying the field current it is possible to alter the speed/torque ratio of the motor. Typically the field winding will be placed in series (series wound) with the armature winding to get a high torque low speed motor, in parallel (shunt wound) with the armature to get a high speed low torque motor, or to have a winding partly in parallel, and partly in series (compound wound) to get the best of both worlds. Further reductions in field current are possible to gain even higher speed but correspondingly lower torque. This technique is ideal for electric traction and many similar applications where its use can eliminate the requirement for a mechanically variable transmission Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 24
27. English for electrical and electronic engineering Unit 4 ELECTRICAL IGNITION I. Reading and comprehension Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 25
28. English for electrical and electronic engineering Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 26
29. English for electrical and electronic engineering Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 27
30. English for electrical and electronic engineering Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 28
31. English for electrical and electronic engineering II. Further reading: Voltage Transformers A Transformer does not generate electrical power, it transfers electrical power. A transformer is a voltage changer. Most transformers are designed to either step voltage up or to step it down, although some are used only to isolate one voltage from another. The transformer works on the principle that energy can be efficiently transferred by magnetic induction from one winding to another winding by a varying magnetic field produced by alternating current . An electrical voltage is induced when there is a relative motion between a wire and a magnetic field. Alternating current (AC) provides the motion required by changing direction which creates a collapsing and expanding magnetic field. NOTE: Direct current (DC) is not transformed, as DC does not vary its magnetic fields A transformer usually consists of two insulated windings on a common iron (steel) core: The two windings are linked together with a magnetic circuit which must be common to both windings. The link connecting the two windings in the magnetic circuit is the iron core on which both windings are wound. Iron is an extremely good conductor for magnetic fields. The core is not a solid bar of steel, but is constructed of many layers of thin steel called laminations. One of the windings is designated as the primary and the other winding as the secondary. Since the primary and secondary are wound the on the same iron core, when the primary winding is energized by an AC source, an alternating magnetic field called flux is established in the transformer core. The flux created by the applied voltage on the primary winding induces a voltage on the secondary winding. The primary winding receives the energy and is called the input. The secondary winding is discharges the energy and is called the output. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 29
32. English for electrical and electronic engineering The primary and secondary windings consist of aluminum or copper conductors wound in coils around an iron core and the number of ?turns? in each coil will determine the voltage transformation of the transformer. Each turn of wire in the primary winding has an equal share of the primary voltage . The same is induced in each turn of the secondary. Therefore, any difference in the number of turns in the secondary as compared to the primary will produce a voltage change. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 30
33. English for electrical and electronic engineering Unit 5 THE MOVING COIL I. Reading and comprehension: Construction and component The essential component of a moving coil meter are a permanent magnet and a moving coil. The magnet is U-shaped or semi-circular and is made of a material such as Alcomax. Each pole terminates in a soft-iron pole piece shaped and positioned as in figure 5.1. Figure 5.1 The moving coil, which gives the instrument its name, is composed of fine copper wire wound on a thin rectangular aluminum former. The former is mounted centrally on hard steel spindles and can rotate around a fixed cylindrical soft-iron core. The core is placed between the pole pieces in such a manner thatan annular gap is formed between it and the pole pieces. A pointer is attached to the former and traverses a linear scale. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 31
34. English for electrical and electronic engineering The spindles which bear the moving coil are mounted on jeweled bearing two spiral hair springs are attached to the spindles. They are wound in apposition and are adjusted so that they balance when the pointer is at the zero mark. Operation This instrument operates on the principle that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, a force is exerted on the conductor which causes it to move. When the meter is inserted in a live circuit, current flows through the control springs into the coil. This sets up a magnetic field around the coil which reacts with the radial magnetic field of the permanent magnet. The reaction produces a torque which tends to rotate the coil. Since the strength of the permanent magnet’s field is uniform, this torque is directly proportional to the current flowing in the coil. As the coil rotates, the control springs tighten thus opposing the motion of the coil. When the deflecting force of the coil is balanced by the controlling force of the springs, the coil comes to rest. The extent of the coil’s movement, and hence the size of the current flowing through the coil, is indicated on the scale by the pointer. Exercise 1: Describing position Say where the following components arte located. Use the expressions you learnt in Unit 1. 1. the pole pieces. 2. the core. 3. the pointer 4. the former. 5. the springs. Exercise 2: Describing functions This table describes the function of the component of the meter. The functions are in the wrong order. Write a sentence to describe the function of each Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 32
35. English for electrical and electronic engineering component using the methods you learnt in unit 2. note that the springs have two functions. Now add part 1 of the reading passage a description of the function of these component. Begin like: The function of the moving coil meter is to detect the presence of a direct current. Its essential components Component Function 1. core To provide controlling torque. 2. former To reduce friction and wear. 3. spring To produce a powerful uniform magnetic field. 4. bearings To carry the coil. 5. magnet To serve as leads to carry current to the coil. To produce radial filed lines within the gap. Exercise 3: phrasing Rewrite the following sentences rephrasing the words in italics with expressions from the passage which have similar meaning: 1. The meter is inserted in a circuit with a current flowing through it. 2. The coil is rotated by turning force. 3. The strength of the permanent magnet’s field is always the same. 4. The turning force varies directly with the current flowing through the coil. 5. The force which rotates the coil is balanced by the force which restrains the coil II. Use of language: 1. Cause and effects 1 Study this sentence Insulation breakdown leads to short circuit. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 33
36. English for electrical and electronic engineering This sentence contains a cause and effect. We can link a cause and an effect as follow cause effect Insulation causes short circuit Breakdown results in Produces Leads to Gives rise to Is the cause of We can also put the effect first effect cause Short circuits are caused by insulation breakdown Result from Arise from Are the effect of Are the result of Are the consequence of Are due to When a cause has several effects or when an effect has a number of possible causes, we put can or may before the causative expression. Example: Sparking MAY be cause by worn brushes Or: sparking CAN be caused by a worn commutator. Similarly, instead of the cause/effect/result/consequence of, we write one cause/effect/result/consequence of. Example: Worn brushes are ONE cause of sparking Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 34
37. English for electrical and electronic engineering A worn commutator is ONE cause of sparking. Now match these cause and effect pairs. Then link them using the expressions given above. Write two sentences for each example, one with the cause first and the other with the effect first. CAUSE EFFECT 1. glare arching across the points 2. eddy currents power losses in transformers 3. excessive heat serious accidents 4. faulty soldering breakdown of the motor 5. sparking discomfort to the eyes 6. failure of a point capacitor damage to semiconductor 7. exceeding the motor rating bad joints 8. faulty earth connections interference in receivers 2. Cause and effect chains Describe this cause and effect chain. Use different expressions for each link Overrunning Excessive Insulation Short Blown a motor heat breakdown circuit fuses Now rewrite your description starting at the end of the chain and working backwards. 2. Describing the reception of a signal Put these events, which describe the progress of a signal through a receiver, in sequence with the help of the diagram. Then link the sentences in pairs using time clauses with before and after. oscillator Accepto mixer Intermediat detect Audio r e or amplifie a. the signal is again amplified. b. The desired signal is fed to the acceptor circuit. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 35
38. English for electrical and electronic engineering c. The signal is amplified d. The signal is fed to a loudspeaker e. The signal is mixed with a signal from the oscillator to give a standard intermediate frequency f. The signal is rectified by the detector. 3. Short relative clause Study these sentences: 1. A telephone dial consists of small keys 2. those keys has many characters and numbers We can link them using a relative clause: 1+2. A telephone dial consists of small keys having many characters and numbers. A telephone dial consists of small keys WITH many characters and numbers. Sometimes we can reduce a relative clause to an adjective Example: 3. high quality instrument use resistors. 4. the resistors are wire wound. 3+4. high quality instruments use resistors WHICH ARE WIREWOUND high quality instruments use WIREWOUND resistors. Make this paragraph shorter by reducing the relative clauses. Use all the methods of reduction you have learned in this unit. The telephone is an instrument which enables us to transmit speech via wire (wireless ness). The body of the telephone contains an induction coil, capacitors, resistors, a regulator, which controls the sensitivity of the instrument, and a bell. The handset contains a microphone and a receiver which are enclosed by screwed caps at the ends of the handset. The bell contains a hammer which is operated by a solenoid. The hammer is set between two domes which is eccentrically mounted. The dial is mounted on the face of the telephone. It consists of small keys which have characters and numbers. When those keys are pressed in, it causes spring contacts to open Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 36
39. English for electrical and electronic engineering and close a number of times which respond to the number dialed. This transmits pulses down the line causing selectors, which connect the calling line to the line which is called, to operate. III. Further- reading: Oscillator The Basics One of the most commonly used oscillators is the pendulum of a clock. If you push on a pendulum to start it swinging, it will oscillate at some frequency it will swing back and forth a certain number of times per second. The length of the pendulum is the main thing that controls the frequency. For something to oscillate, energy needs to move back and forth between two forms. For example, in a pendulum, energy moves between potential energy and kinetic energy. When the pendulum is at one end of its travel, its energy is all potential energy and it is ready to fall. When the pendulum is in the middle of its cycle, all of its potential energy turns into kinetic energy and the pendulum is moving as fast as it can. As the pendulum moves toward the other end of its swing, all the kinetic energy turns back into potential energy. This movement of energy between the two forms is what causes the oscillation. Eventually, any physical oscillator stops moving because of friction. To keep it going, you have to add a little bit of energy on each cycle. In a pendulum clock, the energy that keeps the pendulum moving comes from the spring. The pendulum gets a little push on each stroke to make up for the energy it loses to friction. An electronic oscillator works on the same principle. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 37
40. English for electrical and electronic engineering Unit 6 PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM I. Reading and comprehension Control systems provide a means of replacing human operators in many industrial processes. They are used widely to monitor and control pressure, temperature, motor speed, the flow of a liquid, or any other physical variable. They must be capable of fulfilling a number of functions. First, the physical variable to be controlled, such as the air temperature in the factory or the pressure of a hydraulic system, must be measure. Then its value must be compared with the desired value. Next, action has to be taken to reduce to zero the difference between the actual and desired value. The basic components of a control system are an input transducer, an error sensor, a controller and an output transducer. The input transducer converts changes in the physical variable into electrical signal. Figure 6.1 shows one type of transducer which converts changes in pressure to frequency changes. Pressure changes move in L1 which forms part of a tuned circuit. This causes the frequency of the circuit to change, thus alternating the output frequency of the oscillator. The output is then fed to an error sensor. Figure 6.1 The error sensor measures the deviation between the actual and desired values for the variable. The controller receives the error sensor output and uses it to Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 38
41. English for electrical and electronic engineering control the variable either directly or indirectly. A simple controller is an electromagnetic relay which uses a small signal to control a much larger signal such as power supply output. The output transducer converts the electrical output from the controller into whatever form of energy is required to change the physical variable. It may be a valve, a heater, a motor or any electrically operated piece if equipment. An example is a motor-operated valve which controls the flows of fluid in a pipeline. Let us take as an example a process system for controlling the speed of a DC motor. The input transducer measures the speed and converts it into a voltage. The error sensor compares this voltage with the voltage across a speed-setting potentiometer. The error sensor output is fed to the controller which sends a signal to the power supply of the motor. The increases or reduces the supply of current to the motor, thus controlling its speed. The operation of a process control system is summarized in figure 6.2 which shows a closed loop system. In such a system of the action of the controller are constantly fed back to it. Figure 6.2 Exercise 1: meaning from context Select a word from the three alternatives given to replace the word in italics taken from the passage: Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 39
42. English for electrical and electronic engineering 1. Monitor (line 2) 3. deviation (line 17) a- Warn a- mistake b- Check b- bias c- Convert c- difference 2. desired (line 7) 4. converts (line 22) a- actual a- changes b- changed b- controls c- required c- generates. Exercise 2: contextual reference What do the pronouns in italics in these sentences refer to? 1. They must be capable of fulfilling a number of functions (line 4) a- control system b- industrial processes c- human operators. 2. Then its value must be compared with the desired value. (line 6) a- the pressure b- the air temperature c- the physical variable 3. This causes the frequency of the circuit to change, thus alternating the output frequency of the oscillator (line 14) a- moving the diaphragm in or out b- alternating the position of the ferrite core c- changing the pressure 4. It may be a valve, a heater, a motor, or any electrically-operated piece of equipment. (line 23) a- the output transducer b- the electrical output c- the physical variable 5. In such a system the results of the action of the controller are constantly fed back to it. (line 34) a- a process control system b- a closed-loop system c- a system for controlling the speed of a DC motor. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 40
43. English for electrical and electronic engineering Exercise 3: finding out facts Answer questions about the passage 1. What must a process control system be capable of doing? 2. Compare an input transducer with an output transducer. 3. What is the function of an error sensor? 4. What is a closed- loop system? 5. How does a control system provide a means of replacing human operators? 6. Fill in the blanks in the following diagram to explain how the frequency-changing input transducer operates. Use the phrases given. The pressure changes II. Use of language: Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 41
44. English for electrical and electronic engineering Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 42
45. English for electrical and electronic engineering III. Further reading: Sensor Without sensors, a robot is just a machine. Robots need sensors to deduce what is happening in their world and to be able to react to changing situations. This chapter introduces a variety of robotic sensors and explains their electrical use and practical application. The sensor applications presented here are not meant to be exhaustive, but merely to suggest some of the possibilities. Please do not be limited by the ideas contained in this chapter! Assembly instructions for the kit sensors are given in Section 2.6. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 43
46. English for electrical and electronic engineering Sensors as Transducers The basic function of an electronic sensor is to measure some feature of the world, such as light, sound, or pressure and convert that measurement into an electrical signal, usually a voltage or current. Typical sensors respond to stimuli by changing their resistance (photocells), changing their current flow (phototransistors), or changing their voltage output (the Sharp IR sensor). The electrical output of a given sensor can easily be converted into other electrical representations. Analog and Digital Sensors There are two basic types of sensors: analog and digital. The two are quite different in function, in application, and in how they are used with the RoboBoard. An analog sensor produces a continuously varying output value over its range of measurement. For example, a particular photocell might have a resistance of 1k ohm in bright light and a resistance of 300k ohm in complete darkness. Any value between these two is possible depending on the particular light level present. Digital sensors, on the other hand, have only two states, often called "on" and "off." Perhaps the simplest example of a digital sensor is the touch switch. A typical touch switch is an open circuit (infinite resistance) when it is not pressed, and a short circuit (zero resistance) when it is depressed. Some sensors that produce a digital output are more complicated. These sensors produce pulse trains of transitions between the 0 volt state and the 5 volt state. With these types of sensors, the frequency characteristics or shape of this pulse train convey the sensor's measurement. An example of this type of sensor is the Sharp modulated infrared light detector. With this sensor, the actual element measuring light is an analog device, but signal-processing circuitry is integral to the sensor produces a digital output. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 44
47. English for electrical and electronic engineering Unit 7 Semiconductor diode I. Reading and comprehension: If two crystal of a semiconductor material, one of P-type and one of N- type, are joined together, a PN junction is formed. This junction can be used as a rectifier and is known as a PN junctions diode. Figure 7.1 Figure 1 illustrates what happen when voltage is supplied across a silicon PN junction diode. The first quadrant of the graph shows the characteristics of the diode when the source is connected with the positive to the P-side of the conjunction and the negative to the N-side. In the other words, the diode is forward biased. With the forwards bias, the current at first increases slowly. When the applied voltage reaches about 600 mV, the current rises rapidly. The diode is then a good conductor. The current will continue to rise with increased voltage but eventually a point will be reached where the diode is destroyed by the heat. The third quadrant shows the characteristics when the source is connected with the positive to the N-side and the negative to the N-side. When the diode is reserved biased, there is almost no current to flow. The junction is therefore a good rectifier: it conducts well in one direction and almost not at all in the other. However, there is a small reversed leakage current. This leakage Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 45
48. English for electrical and electronic engineering current remains substantially constant until what is known as breakage voltage (Vb) is reached. At this point, there is a sharp increase in the reverse current. This sudden increase in current is called Zender effect. Normal diodes are never operated in the breakdown region but Zender diodes are designed to make use of the breakdown phenomenon. Because any slight increase in the voltage beyond the breakdown point causes a large increase in current. Zender diodes are often used as a kind of overspill to protect sensitive circuit from fluctuation in the power supply. Figure 7.2: Typical diodes Exercise 1: Select the words from the three alternatives given which is most similar in meaning to the word in italics it is used in the passage: 1. Characteristics (line 5) 2. Substantially (line 18) A. Typical behaviour. A. Almost B. Voltage figures. B. Greatly. C. Graph. C. Hardly. 3. Sharp (line 19) 4. Phenomenon (line 22) A. slight. A. voltage. B. steep. B. effect. C. Cutting. C. result. 5. Fluctuations (line 25). A. rises and falls. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 46
49. English for electrical and electronic engineering B. increases. C. Failures Exercise 2: Checking facts and ideas Decide if these statements are true or false. Quote from the passage to support your decision: 1. The first quadrant of the graph shows the characteristics of the diode in the forward bias. 2. For forward voltage over 600 mV, the diode conducts well. 3. When the source is connected with the negative to the N-side and the positive to the P-side, the diode is reverse biased. 4. When a reverse voltage is at first applied, a diode conducts badly. 5. Zender diodes are never used beyond breakdown point. II. Use of language: 1. Time clause Time clauses relate two actions in time. In this section we will study clauses relating: R? 1. Simultaneous actions. For example: T0C As the voltage increases, the current rises. Study this graph, it represents two actions which Happens at the same time, i.e., two simultaneous actions. Action (i) the temperature rises. Action (ii) the resistance rises. We can link two simultaneous actions using as. For example: As the temperature rises, the resistance rises. We will represent simultaneous actions like this: Action 1 Action 2 Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 47
50. English for electrical and electronic engineering 2. Actions in immediate succession. 240V M Study this circuit and note how action (i) is followed immediate by action (ii) Action (i): the switch is closed. Action (ii) the motor starts. We can link action in immediate succession by using when or as soon as. Example: EX: When the switch is pressed, the light goes on. When the switch is closed, the motor starts We will represent actions in immediate succession like this: Action (i) Action (ii) 3. An action and its limits. P Im A V This graph shows that an action and its limits EX: the current increases until the diode is destroyed by heat. The current rises steadily until point P is reached. We will represent this relationship like this: action limits 2. Describing purpose Study these ways of description the purpose of Random Access Memory (RAM) RAM is used for the temporary storage of programs and data RAM is used for storing programs and data temporarily. RAM is used to store programs and data temporarily. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 48
51. English for electrical and electronic engineering Now identify each of electronic components or pieces of equipment described below. Compare answers with your partner. 1. It is used to change AC voltage from small to large or from large to small. 2. It is used to measuring very small current. 3. It is used as part of a burger alarm to detect movement. 4. it is used for receiving of RF signals. 5. It is used for protecting circuit from surge in voltage. 6. It is used to master down different recordings to make a master tape. 7. It is used to find buried metal 3. Word study: Study this term from electronics: Semiconductor We can divide it into three parts: Semi conduct or Semi is a prefix which means “half”, while or is a suffix add to the verb conduct to make noun. From this we can work out that a semiconductor is a component which half conducts, i.e. it conducts in one direction only Knowledge of common prefixes can help us to work out the meaning of some unfamiliar term in electronics: Study this table. Try to think of other examples to add. Compare your examples with those of other group Explain to the other group the meaning of any terms which they are unfamiliar with: Prefix Meaning Example Other de- reverse the action decouple ___ dis- opposite discharge ___ micro- small microchip ___ multi- many multimedia ___ tele- far television ___ trans- across transmitter ___ Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 49
52. English for electrical and electronic engineering III. FURTHER-READING Diodes A diode is a semiconductor device which allows current to flow through it in only one direction. Although a transistor is also a semiconductor device, it does not operate the way a diode does. A diode is specifically made to allow current to flow through it in only one direction. Some ways in which the diode can be used are listed here. A diode can be used as a rectifier that converts AC (Alternating Current) to DC (Direct Current) for a power supply device. Diodes can be used to separate the signal from radio frequencies. Diodes can be used as an on/off switch that controls current. This symbol is used to indicate a diode in a circuit diagram. The meaning of the symbol is (Anode) (Cathode). Current flows from the anode side to the cathode side. Although all diodes operate with the same general principle, there are different types suited to different applications. For example, the following devices are best used for the applications noted. Voltage regulation diode (Zener Diode) The circuit symbol is . It is used to regulate voltage, by taking advantage of the fact that Zener diodes tend to stabilize at a certain voltage when that voltage is applied in the opposite direction. Light emitting diode The circuit symbol is . This type of diode emits light when current flows through it in the forward direction. (Forward biased.) Variable capacitance diode The circuit symbol is . Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 50
53. English for electrical and electronic engineering The current does not flow when applying the voltage of the opposite direction to the diode. In this condition, the diode has a capacitance like the capacitor. It is a very small capacitance. The capacitance of the diode changes when changing voltage. With the change of this capacitance, the frequency of the oscillator can be changed. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 51
54. English for electrical and electronic engineering Unit 8 CATHODE RAY TUBE I. Reading for comprehension Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) is used in oscilloscope, radar receivers and televisions. The type described here is that in oscilloscopes. By means of a CRT, an oscilloscope not only shows the size of a signal, but also how the signal varies with time. In other words, it shows the waveform of the signal. The CRT operates as follows. First electrons are emitted from a heated cathode. Then these electrons are accelerated to give them velocity. Next they are formed into a beam which can be deflected vertically and horizontally. Finally they are made to strike a screen coated on its inner surface with a phosphor. Figure 8.1 The CRT comprises an electron gun and a deflection system enclosed in a glass tube with a phosphor coated screen. The electron gun forms the electrons into a beam. It contains a cathode which is heated to produce a stream of electrons. On the same axis as the cathode is a cylinder known as the grid. By varying the negative potential on the grid, the intensity of the beam can be varied. A system of three anodes follows. These accelerate the beam and also operate as a lens to focus the beam on the screen as a small dot. Varying the potential on the central anode, a2, allows the focus to be adjusted. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 52
55. English for electrical and electronic engineering On the leaving the electron gun, the beam passes through two sets of plates which are at right angles to each other. The first set of plates are the Y plates. As these are near the anode, they have a greater effect on the beam. Therefore, the signal is applied to this set. They control the vertical deflection of the beam. The second set are the X plates. On an oscilloscope the output from time base oscillator is applied across these plates as a means of moving the beam horizontally at a regular intervals. Hence the horizontal axis of an oscilloscope is the time axis. By means of the deflection system, then, the beam cab be made to traverse the screen both horizontally and vertically. The final element is the phosphor-coated screen. When the electron beam strikes the screen, the phosphor coating fluoresces. Various colours of light are produced depending on the phosphor used. Exercise 1 Meaning from context. Select a word from the three alternatives given which is most similar in meaning to the word in italics it is used in the passage: 1. Emitted 2. Deflected a. scattered a. moved b. given off b. bent c. absorbed c. changed 3. Intensity 4. Adjusted a. focus a. reduced b. brightness b. varied c. shape c. increase 5. Regular 6. Fluoresces a. frequent a. lights b. equally time b. emits electrons c. varying c. turns green Exercise 2 Finding out facts Answer these questions about the passage 1. Why is an oscilloscope better than e meter? 2. What is the source of electrons for the electron beam? 3. What is the function of the electrons gun? Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 53
56. English for electrical and electronic engineering 4. How is the intensity of the beam controlled? 5. In what way is the system of anodes like a lens? 6. What does the time base do? 7. Why is the signal applied to the Y plates? Exercise 3: Diagram labeling 1. electrolyte 2. carbon rod 3. negative electrode 4. zinc case 5. positive electrode II. Use of language 1. Describing a process To make the correct sequence of a number of events clear, we often use sequence words like these: a. First/firstly/first of all. b. Second/secondly c. Third/thirdly. d. Then e. Next f. After that g. Finally. (a) and (g) must come first and last respectively, but the others can be used in any order and can be repeated. Now replace each number in your description of soldering a resistor into place with a sequence word to make the order of events clear. The following diagram shows the distribution of power from the power station to the consumer. The sentences which follow it describe the Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 54
57. English for electrical and electronic engineering distribution. Put the sentences in the correct order and mark this order using sequence words. a. it is fed to distribution substation where it is reduced to 415 V. 3 phase and 240V, 1 phase. b. It is stepped up by a transformer to 132, 275 or 400kV for long- distance distribution. c. It is distributed via the grid system to main grid supply point where it is stepped down 33kV of distribution to heavy industry, d. It is distributed to the domestic consumer. e. In the UK, electrical energy is generated at power station at 25kV. f. It passes via the switching compound to the grid. g. It is distributed via overheat or underground cables to intermediate substations where it is further reduced to 11kV for light industry Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 55
58. English for electrical and electronic engineering 2. Cause and effect Study this sentence: Dust on records causes crackle it contains a cause and an effect. Identify them we can link a cause and effect as allows cause effect Dust on record causes crackle. Leads to Results in Is the cause of We can also put the effect first Effect cause Crackle is caused by dust on record. Results from In the effect of Is due to Items in A can be causes or effects of items on B. Match the pair. Compare your answer with your partner. For example: Main frequency interference hum Main frequency interference results in hum A B 1. distortion a. interference on radios 2. noise generated within b. too high a recording level components c. the tape rubbing against the head 3. over heating a transistor d. scratches on records 4. dirty heads e. hiss 5. a build-up of oxide on the head f. damage 6. jumping g. poor recording 7. unwanted 3- Sentence building: Join the following groups of sentences to make ten longer sentences. Use the words printed in italics above each group. You may omit words and make Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 56
59. English for electrical and electronic engineering whatever changes you think are necessary in the word order and punctuation of the sentences 1. Which A resistor is a device A Resistor is used to add resistance to a circuit 2. Both Many types of resistors are made. Fixed and variable resistors are made. 3. Either or Most resistors are made from two materials. Resistance wire and compressed graphite are used. 4. Such as, which Wire wound resistor consists of a coil of resistance wire. Nichrome is a resistance wire. The resistance wire is wound on a former. 5. To A ceramic coating is applied over the winding. The ceramic coating insulates the winding 6. For example For small currents, carbon resistors are used. Small current are usual in radio work. 7. Which Carbon resistors are made of compressed graphite. (than chì) The graphite is formed into small tubes. 8. Which Connections are made with wires. The wires are attached to the ends of the resistor. 9. Either or . Variable resistor may have a coil of resistance wire. Variable resistors may have carbon track (rãnh) 10. So that The wire or track is mounted. A sliding contact can rub (làm nhẵn) over it to select the resistance required. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 57
60. English for electrical and electronic engineering III. Further reading: Electron beams Electron beams are used in the cathode-ray tube (or picture tube) of traditional television screens. In the cathode-ray tube, the electrons race toward a hollow anode so that a narrow, fast beam of electrons shoots out through the hole in the anode. The higher the positive charge on the anode, the greater the speed—and thus the energy—of the beam. The tube must be emptied of air to prevent the electrons from being slowed or scattered by collisions with air molecules. The beam of electrons is focused so that it hits a specific spot on the television screen, which is covered with luminescent material. When the electrons hit this material, they excite its atoms. The excited atoms then lose this extra energy by releasing flashes of light. A changing electromagnetic field inside the picture tube affects the negatively charged electrons and makes the electron beam rapidly scan across the screen, moving horizontally and vertically. The flashes caused by the beam build up a continually changing picture. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 58
61. English for electrical and electronic engineering Unit 9 ALARM SYSTEMS I. Reading and comprehension Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 59
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68. English for electrical and electronic engineering Unit 10 MUSIC CENTRE I. Reading and comprehension Pre-reading: Study this picture of a music centre 1. what form of audio input does it have? 2. What other form of audio input might be added? Fig.1 shows a music centre. It contains a number of audio input devices: a CD player, a tape cassette deck. These allow the user to play music recorded in different formats. All these devices share a common amplifier and speaker system. Each part of the music centre is stacked on top of the other. As Fig.2 shows, the common amplifier is made up of two sections. The first section is the pre-amplifier (pre-am), which provides tone, volume, and Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 66
69. English for electrical and electronic engineering balance controls as well as amplification of the input signal voltage. The second section is the power amplifier (power amp). This amplifies the power of the pre-amp signals to enable them to drive the loudspeaker system. Some music centres also contains a graphic equalizer. This allows the user to adjust the amplification of particular frequency ranges by moving an array of slider controls. In this way the reproduced sound can be varied to suit different acoustic conditions. A music centre can be classified as a hi-fi (high-fidelity) system or a mid-fi system depending on the quality of its sound reproduction. Find out after reading the text: 1. the function of a pre-amplification 2. the function of a power amplifier 3. the function of a graphic equalizer. 4. the difference between a hi-fi and a midi-fi system. II. Use of language: 1. allowing and preventing verbs Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 67
70. English for electrical and electronic engineering Exercise 1: Now fill the gap in each sentence with an allowing or preventing verb. Also put each verb in brackets on the correct form. 1. A graphic equalizer the user (adjust) the amplification of different frequency ranges. 2. A fuse a sudden rise in current (damage) equipment. 3. A mixing desk the sound engineer (improve) the quality of the sound recorded. 4. A heat sink output transistor (overheat) 5. A surge suppressor large current fluctuation (damage) 6. Special effects like reverb .the engineer (alter) the sound of the recording. 7. Different inputs on the music centre the user (play) CDs. 8. A safe tab .the user (erase) the tape by accident. Exercise 2: Study this circuit of a burglar alarm. It contains a relay. The relay is shown in its unenergized form: Now fill in the gaps in this Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 68
71. English for electrical and electronic engineering description with appropriate verb like allow or prevent, and put verb in brackets in the correct form. Compare answer with your partner. Closing the main switch (1) current (pass) from the battery through the bell. As a result, the bell rings. Pressing the reset button (2) current (flow) through the relay coil. This energizes the coil so that switch 1 closes and switch 2 opens. Opening switch 2 (3) current (flow) through the bell. When any contact on a door or windows is opened, this (4) .current (pass) through the relay coil. As a result, switch 1 opens and switch 2 closes. This (5) current (flow) from the battery to the bell, and the alarm rings. 2. Writing Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 69
72. English for electrical and electronic engineering Now look at the diagram below and read the text opposite. Add information from the diagram to the text. The information added should answer the questions in brackets within the text. The first paragraph is done for you as an example. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 70
73. English for electrical and electronic engineering Loudspeakers the loudspeaker is the last important component of a music centre. It converts signals from the AF amplifier into sound wave (what is the frequency of the sound waves?) Example: the loudspeaker is the last important component of a music centre. It converts signals from the AF amplifier into sound wave which have the same frequency as the AF signals. A loudspeaker consists of a cone (what is the cone made of?), a coil, and a fixed magnet. The coil (what is the coil attached to?) is free to vibrate within the magnet. As AC signal from the amplifier pass through the coil, they create an alternating magnetic field. The interaction of this field with the fixed field od the magnet causes the coil to vibrate. The cone also vibrates and produces sound waves. The bigger the signal from the amplifier, the larger the vibration o the cone and hence the louder the sound. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ Speakers for hi-fi system usually contains up to three individual units: a tweeter (what kind of sounds does it send out?), a squawker (what kind of sounds does it send out?), and a woofer (what kind of sounds does it send out?). these are served by a crossover network (what does it work?). They also contain sound baffles (what do they do?) ___ ___ Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 71
74. English for electrical and electronic engineering ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ III. Further technical reading: Stereo power amplifier Try to answer these question about amplifier. Then read the text to see if you are correct. 1. what is meant by “complementary transistors”? 2. what prevents power transistors from overheating? 3. what is stereo sound? 4. what is the purpose of a balance control? Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 72
75. English for electrical and electronic engineering Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 73
76. English for electrical and electronic engineering CIRCUIT SYMBOLS Circuit symbols are used in circuit diagrams which show how a circuit is connected together. The actual layout of the components is usually quite different from the circuit diagram. To build a circuit you need a different diagram showing the layout of the parts on stripboard or printed circuit board. Wires and connections Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component To pass current very easily from one Wire part of a circuit to another. A 'blob' should be drawn where wires are connected (joined), but it is sometimes omitted. Wires connected Wires joined at 'crossroads' should be staggered slightly to form two T-junctions, as shown on the right. In complex diagrams it is often necessary to draw wires crossing even though they are not connected. I prefer Wires not joined the 'hump' symbol shown on the right because the simple crossing on the left may be misread as a join where you have forgotten to add a 'blob'! Power Supplies Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component Supplies electrical energy. The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+). Cell A single cell is often called a battery, but strictly a battery is two or more cells joined together. Supplies electrical energy. A battery is more than one cell. Battery The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+). Supplies electrical energy. DC supply DC = Direct Current, always flowing in one direction. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 74
77. English for electrical and electronic engineering Supplies electrical energy. AC supply AC = Alternating Current, continually changing direction. A safety device which will 'blow' (melt) Fuse if the current flowing through it exceeds a specified value. Two coils of wire linked by an iron core. Transformers are used to step up (increase) and step down (decrease) AC Transformer voltages. Energy is transferred between the coils by the magnetic field in the core. There is no electrical connection between the coils. A connection to earth. For many electronic circuits this is the 0V (zero Earth volts) of the power supply, but for mains (Ground) electricity and some radio circuits it really means the earth. It is also known as ground. Output Devices: Lamps, Heater, Motor, etc. Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component A transducer which converts electrical energy to light. This symbol is used Lamp (lighting) for a lamp providing illumination, for example a car headlamp or torch bulb. A transducer which converts electrical energy to light. This symbol is used Lamp (indicator) for a lamp which is an indicator, for example a warning light on a car dashboard. A transducer which converts electrical Heater energy to heat. A transducer which converts electrical Motor energy to kinetic energy (motion). A transducer which converts electrical Bell energy to sound. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 75
78. English for electrical and electronic engineering A transducer which converts electrical Buzzer energy to sound. A coil of wire which creates a magnetic field when current passes through it. It may have an iron core Inductor inside the coil. It can be used as a (Coil, Solenoid) transducer converting electrical energy to mechanical energy by pulling on something. Switches Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component A push switch allows current to flow Push Switch only when the button is pressed. This (push-to- is the switch used to operate a make) doorbell. This type of push switch is normally Push-to-Break closed (on), it is open (off) only when Switch the button is pressed. SPST = Single Pole, Single Throw. On-Off An on-off switch allows current to Switch flow only when it is in the closed (SPST) (on) position. SPDT = Single Pole, Double Throw. A 2-way changeover switch directs the flow of current to one of two 2-way Switch routes according to its position. Some (SPDT) SPDT switches have a central off position and are described as 'on-off- on'. DPST = Double Pole, Single Throw. Dual On-Off A dual on-off switch which is often Switch used to switch mains electricity (DPST) because it can isolate both the live and neutral connections. DPDT = Double Pole, Double Throw. Reversing This switch can be wired up as a Switch reversing switch for a motor. Some (DPDT) DPDT switches have a central off position. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 76
79. English for electrical and electronic engineering An electrically operated switch, for example a 9V battery circuit connected to the coil can switch a Relay 230V AC mains circuit. NO = Normally Open, COM = Common, NC = Normally Closed. Resistors Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component A resistor restricts the flow of current, for example to limit the Resistor current passing through an LED. A resistor is used with a capacitor in a timing circuit. This type of variable resistor with 2 contacts (a rheostat) is usually used to control current. Examples include: Variable Resistor adjusting lamp brightness, adjusting (Rheostat) motor speed, and adjusting the rate of flow of charge into a capacitor in a timing circuit. This type of variable resistor with 3 contacts (a potentiometer) is usually Variable Resistor used to control voltage. It can be used (Potentiometer) like this as a transducer converting position (angle of the control spindle) to an electrical signal. This type of variable resistor (a preset) is operated with a small screwdriver or similar tool. It is designed to be set when the circuit is Variable Resistor made and then left without further (Preset) adjustment. Presets are cheaper than normal variable resistors so they are often used in projects to reduce the cost. Capacitors Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component A capacitor stores electric charge. A Capacitor capacitor is used with a resistor in a timing circuit. It can also be used as Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 77
80. English for electrical and electronic engineering a filter, to block DC signals but pass AC signals. A capacitor stores electric charge. This type must be connected the correct way round. A capacitor is Capacitor, used with a resistor in a timing polarised circuit. It can also be used as a filter, to block DC signals but pass AC signals. A variable capacitor is used in a Variable Capacitor radio tuner. This type of variable capacitor (a trimmer) is operated with a small Trimmer screwdriver or similar tool. It is Capacitor designed to be set when the circuit is made and then left without further adjustment. Diodes Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component A device which only allows Diode current to flow in one direction. LED A transducer which converts Light Emitting Diode electrical energy to light. A special diode which is used to Zener Diode maintain a fixed voltage across its terminals. Photodiode A light-sensitive diode. Transistors Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component A transistor amplifies current. It can be used Transistor NPN with other components to make an amplifier or switching circuit. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 78
81. English for electrical and electronic engineering A transistor amplifies current. It can be used Transistor PNP with other components to make an amplifier or switching circuit. Phototransistor A light-sensitive transistor. Audio and Radio Devices Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component A transducer which converts sound to Microphone electrical energy. A transducer which converts electrical Earphone energy to sound. A transducer which converts electrical Loudspeaker energy to sound. A transducer which converts electrical Piezo Transducer energy to sound. An amplifier circuit with one input. Really Amplifier it is a block diagram symbol because it (general symbol) represents a circuit rather than just one component. A device which is designed to receive or Aerial transmit radio signals. It is also known as (Antenna) an antenna. Meters and Oscilloscope Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component A voltmeter is used to measure voltage. The proper name for voltage is 'potential Voltmeter difference', but most people prefer to say voltage! Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 79
82. English for electrical and electronic engineering Ammeter An ammeter is used to measure current. A galvanometer is a very sensitive meter Galvanometer which is used to measure tiny currents, usually 1mA or less. An ohmmeter is used to measure Ohmmeter resistance. Most multimeters have an ohmmeter setting. An oscilloscope is used to display the shape of electrical signals and it can be Oscilloscope used to measure their voltage and time period. Sensors (input devices) Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component A transducer which converts brightness (light) to resistance (an electrical LDR property). LDR = Light Dependent Resistor A transducer which converts temperature Thermistor (heat) to resistance (an electrical property). Logic Gates Logic gates process signals which represent true (1, high, +Vs, on) or false (0, low, 0V, off). For more information please see the Logic Gates page. There are two sets of symbols: traditional and IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission). Gate Traditional IEC Symbol Function of Gate Type Symbol A NOT gate can only have one input. The 'o' on the output means 'not'. The output of a NOT gate is NOT the inverse (opposite) of its input, so the output is true when the input is false. A NOT gate is also called an inverter. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 80
83. English for electrical and electronic engineering An AND gate can have two or more inputs. The output of an AND AND gate is true when all its inputs are true. A NAND gate can have two or more inputs. The 'o' on the output means 'not' showing that it is a NAND Not AND gate. The output of a NAND gate is true unless all its inputs are true. An OR gate can have two or more inputs. The output of an OR gate OR is true when at least one of its inputs is true. A NOR gate can have two or more inputs. The 'o' on the output means 'not' showing that it is a NOR Not OR gate. The output of a NOR gate is true when none of its inputs are true. An EX-OR gate can only have two inputs. The output of an EX- EX-OR OR gate is true when its inputs are different (one true, one false). EX- NOR Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 81
84. English for electrical and electronic engineering Tãm t¾t phÇn ng÷ ph¸p dµnh cho tiÕng Anh chuyªn ngµnh The active and passive sentences (c©u chñ ®éng vµ c©u bÞ ®éng) Identification (nhËn biÕt): - Active sentences (c©u chñ ®éng): Mr. Son teaches English. - Passive sentences (c©u bÞ ®éng): English is taught by Mr. Son. Usages (c¸ch dïng). Muèn chuyÓn mét c©u tõ c©u chñ ®éng sang c©u bÞ ®éng ta thùc hiÖn c¸c b−íc sau: Active: S V O Passive: S be P by agent or doer (ng−êi lµm) Form (c«ng thøc) S + Be + VPII (+ by Object) ™ LÊy t©n ng÷ cña c©u chñ ®éng lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u bÞ ®éng . ™ NÕu cã trî ®éng tõ trong c©u chñ ®éng, ta h·y ®Æt nh÷ng trî ®éng tõ ®ã liÒn ngay sau chñ ng÷ míi. ™ Thªm tõ “be” sau trî ®éng tõ hay c¸c trî ®éng tõ cïng mét h×nh thøc víi ®éng tõ chÝnh trong c©u chñ ®éng. ™ §Æt ®éng tõ chÝnh trong c©u t¸c ®éng sao cho trî ®éng tõ vµ c¸c ®éng tõ be ë h×nh thøc qu¸ khø ph©n tõ. ™ §Æt chñ ng÷ cña c©u chñ ®éng sau ®éng tõ trong c©u bÞ ®éng víi giíi tõ by ®i tr−íc (còng cã thÓ bá h¨nt nÕu nã kh«ng quan träng hoÆc ®−îc hiÓu ngÇm 1. Simple present tense (th× hiÖn t¹i ®¬n) Subject + am/is/are + Past participle Subject + ‘m not/isn’t/ aren’t+PII Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 82
85. English for electrical and electronic engineering Example: Active: Anna write a letter. Passive: A letter is written by Anna. 2. Present continuous tense (th× hiÖn t¹i tiÕp diÔn) Subject + am/is/are being+ P II Subject + ‘m not/isn’t/ aren’t being + P II. Am/is/are + Subject + being P II ? Example: Active: The factory is recruiting new employees Passive: New employees are being recruited by the factory 3. Past simple tense (th× qu¸ khø ®¬n) Subject + was/were + P II Subject + wasn’t/ weren’t + P II. Was/ were + Subject + P II ? Example: Active: John Loggies Baird invented television in 1925 Passive: television was invented by John Loggies Baird in 1925 (ti vi ®−îc John Loggies Baird ph¸t minh vµo n¨m 1925) 4. Past continuous tense (th× qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn) Subject + was/were being P II Subject + wasn’t/ weren’t being P II. Was/ were + Subject being + P II ? Example : Active: Rescue workers were delivering relief in Afghanistan Passive: Relief was being delivered by rescue workers in Afghanistan. 5. Present perfect tense (th× hiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh) Subject + has/have +been + PII Subject + hasn’t/haven’t + been + PII. Has/have + S been + P II ? Example: Active: Many local people have witnessed this event. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 83
86. English for electrical and electronic engineering Passive: This event has been witnessed by local people. (nhiÒu ng−êi d©n ®Þa ph−¬ng ®· tõng chøng kiÕn sù kiÖn nµy) 6. Past perfect tense (th× qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh) Subject + had +been + PII Subject + hadn’t + been + PII. Had + S been + P II ? 7. Simple future tense (th× t−¬ng lai ®¬n) Subject + will/shall +be + PII Subject + won’t/shan’t + be + PII. Shall/will + S been + P II ? Example: Active: In the future, modern machines will replace human operators Passive: In the future, human operators will be replaced by modern machines (ng−êi vËn hµnh sÏ ®−îc thay thÕ b»ng c¸c m¸y mãc hiªn ®¹i) 8. Near future tense (th× t−¬ng lai gÇn) Subject + am/is/are going to be + PII Subject + ‘m not/isn’t/aren’t going to + be + PII. Am/is/are + S going to be + P II ? Example: Active: Scientists are going to complete this project by 2008 Passive: This project is going to be completed by scientists by 2008. (dù ¸n nµy sÏ ®−îc c¸c nhµ khoa häc hoµn thµnh tr−íc n¨m 2008) 9. Modal verbs (c¸c ®éng tõ khuyÕt thiÕu) Subject + can/must/have to/may be + PII Subject + can’t/mustn’t/ don’t(doesn’t) have to/may not + be + PII. Can/must/may + S be + P II ? Do/doesExampl + Se: + have to be P II ? This program can meet demands. Demands can be met by this program (c¸c nhu cÇu cã thÓ ®−îc ch−¬ng tr×nh nµy ®¸p øng) Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 84
87. English for electrical and electronic engineering L Notice (chó ý) ™ Ta cã thÓ bá by me, by him, by her, by it, by us, by you, by them, by someone, by somebody, by people trong c¸c bÞ ®éng nÕu kh«ng muèn nªu râ t¸c nh©n, hoÆc thÊy kh«ng quan träng. ™ NÕu c©u bÞ ®éng cã c¸c tr¹ng tõ (ng÷) chØ n¬i chèn th× ®Æt chóng tr−íc (by + t©n ng÷ bÞ ®éng). EX: the police found him in the forest. He was found in the forest by police. ™ NÕu c©u chñ ®éng cã c¸c tr¹ng ng÷ chØ thêi gian th× ®Æt chóng sau by + t©n ng÷ bÞ ®éng. EX: My parents are going to buy a car tomorrow. A car is going to be bought by my parents tomorrow. ™ NÕu ®éng tõ cã 2 t©n ng÷ th× chän mét trong 2 t©n ng÷ lµm chñ ng÷ trong c©u bÞ ®éng. Tuy nhiªn, t©n ng÷ vÒ ng−êi or t©n ng÷ thø nhÊt ®−îc −u tiªn nhiÒu h¬n. EX: He gave us a book We were given a book Or: A book was given us Exercise 1: Change the following sentences into passive sentences 1. Somebody has taken my briefcase. 2. She had finished her report by noon. 3. The mad dog bit the little boy. 4. The police have arrested five suspects. 5. The doctor ordered him to take a long rest. 6. Lightning struck the house. 7. A group of students have met their friend at the railway station. 8. The didn’t allow Tom to take these books home. 9. The teacher won’t correct exercises tomorrow. 10. This is the second time they have written to us about this. 11. Mr. Son taught us English for 1 year. 12. They didn’t look after the children properly. 13. Nobody swept this street last week. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 85
88. English for electrical and electronic engineering 14. People drink a great deal of tea in England 15. People speak English all over the world. 16. Tom was writing two poems. 17. She often takes her dog for a walk. 18. They can’t make tea with cold water. 19. The chief engineer was instructing all the workers of the plant. 20. Somebody has taken some of my book away. 21. They will hold a meeting before May Day. 22. They have to repair the engine of the car. 23. The boys broke the window and took away some pictures. 24. People spend a lot of money on advertising everyday. 25. They may use this room for the classroom. 26. The teacher is going to tell a story. 27. Mary is cutting the cake with a sharp knife. 28. The children looked at the woman with a red hat. 29. She used to pull my hat over my eyes. 30. For the past years, I have done all my washing by hands. 31. The police haven’t found the murderer yet. 32. They sold one of her own paintings at 1,000 33. I will put your gloves back in your drawer. 34. People speak English in almost every corner of the world. 35. You mustn’t use this machine after 5:30 p.m 36. Luckily for me, they didn’t call my name. 37. After class, one of the students always erases the chalk board. 38. You must clean the wall before you paint it. 39. The told the new student where to sit. 40. I knew that they had told him of the meeting. 41. Nobody has ever treated me such kindness. 42. No one believes his story. 43. A sudden increase in water pressure may break the dam. 44. We must take goof care of books borrowed from the library. 45. A man I know told about it. 46. We can’t never find him at home for me he is always on the move. 47. They use milk for making butter and cheese. Exercise 2: Change following sentences from active to passive (questions form) Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 86
89. English for electrical and electronic engineering 1. Do they teach English here? 2. Will you invite her to your wedding party? 3. Did our English teacher give us some exercises? 4. Is she going to sing a song? 5. Have they changed the window of the laboratory? 6. Is she making big cakes for the party? 7. Has Tom finished the work? 8. Are the police making inquires about the thief? 9. Must we finish the test before ten? 10. Will buses bring children home? 11. When will you do the work? 12. How many days did she spend finishing the work? 13. What books are people reading this year? 14. How did the police find the lost man? 15. How long have they waited for the doctor? 16. What time can the boys hand in their paper? 17. Why didn’t they help him? 18. Who is giving her flowers? 19. Who looked after the children for you? Relative clauses (mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ) I. Identification (x¸c ®Þnh): ™ Relative clause cßn ®−îc gäi lµ Adjective clause (mÖnh ®Ò tÝnh ng÷) v× nã lµ mÖnh ®Ò phô ®−îc dïng ®Ó bæ nghÜa cho danh tõ ®øng tr−íc nã (tiÒn ng÷). ™ Relative clause ®−îc nèi víi mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh bëi c¸c ®¹i tõ quan hÖ Who, Which, Whose, That or c¸c tr¹ng tõ quan hÖ When, Where, Why. ™ VÞ trÝ: Relative clause ®øng sau c¸c danh tõ mµ nã bæ nghÜa. II. Classification (sù ph©n lo¹i) Cã hai lo¹i mÖnh ®Ò th−êng dïng: 1. Defining relative clauses (mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh): Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 87
90. English for electrical and electronic engineering - MÖnh ®Ò nµy m« t¶ cho danh tõ ®øng tr−íc nã ®Ó ph©n biÖt nã víi c¸c danh tõ cïng lo¹i kh¸c. Mét mÖnh ®Ò lo¹i nµy cÇn thiÕt ®Ó hiÓu râ danh tõ (chñ ng÷). The man who told me this refused to give me his name “who told me this” lµ mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ. NÕu chóng ta bá c©u nµy th× nghÜa cña c©u kh«ng râ rµng, chóng ta kh«ng biÕt ®ang nãi vÒ ai. Chó ý lµ: kh«ng dïng dÊu phÈy gi÷a mét danh tõ vµ mét mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ. - MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh theo sau th−êng lµ the+ Noun, chóng còng cã thÓ ®−îc sö dông víi c«ng thøc a/an+ N kh«ng cÇn cã THE vµ c¸c ®¹i tõ bÊt ®Þnh All, none, anybody, somebody, those . C¸c tõ trªn thØnh tho¶ng x¸c ®Þnh danh tõ vµ c¸c ®¹i tõ theo c¸ch gi¸n tiÕp. C¸c danh tõ/®¹i tõ trong tr−êng hîp ®ã th−êng lµ t©n ng÷ cña ®éng tõ or giíi tõ: I met someone who said he knew you. The guidebook is about devices which are necessary for our work. ThØnh tho¶ng c¸c mÖnh ®Ò nµy ®−îc t¸ch ra tõ danh tõ/ ®¹i tõ b»ng mét tõ or côm tõ. I saw something in the paper which interest you. Nh−ng b×nh th−êng Relative clause cã thÓ ®−îc thay thÕ trùc tiÕp sau ®¹i tõ/danh tõ cña chóng. The noise that he makes woke everybody up. She was annoyed by something that I had said. 2. Non-defining relative clause - MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh ®ù¬c thay thÕ sau c¸c danh tõ mµ ®· x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ råi. Do ®ã, chóng kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh danh tõ nh−ng Ýt khi thªm mét th«ng tin vµo danh tõ, v× mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ®· ®−îc hiÓu ®ñ nghÜa råi. - Kh«ng gièng nh− mÖnh ®Ò x¸c ®Þnh, chóng kh«ng cÇn thiÕt trong c©u vµ cã thÓ bÞ lo¹i bá vÉn kh«ng kh«ng g©y ra sù x¸o trén ( hiÓu nhÇm). Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 88
91. English for electrical and electronic engineering - MÖnh ®Ò kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh ®−îc ng¨n mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh b»ng c¸c phÈy. C¸c ®¹i tõ cã thÓ kh«ng bao giê bÞ lo¹i bá trong mÖnh ®Ò kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh. - CÊu tróc cña mÖnh ®Ò kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh dïng phæ biÕn trong v¨n viÕt h¬n lµ v¨n viÕt. - Tr−íc c¸c danh tõ th−êng cã: this, that, those, these, my, his, their .hoÆc tªn riªng. That man, whom you saw yesterday, is Mr. Smith. This is Mrs. Jones, who helped me last week. Anna, whose sister I know, has won an Oscar. III. Usages (c¸ch dïng) Adver Adverb Subjec Objec Adverb b of s of t t Possessiv s of time ( place ( (chñ (t©n e reason thêi n¬i ng÷) ng÷) (së h÷u) (lý do) gian) chèn) For Who Whom Whose When Where Why person That That For Which which Of which When Where Why object That that s 1. Who: # Who lµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ chØ ng−êi (relative clause). # Who ®øng sau chñ ng÷ chØ ng−êi vµ lµm chñ ng÷ cho ®éng tõ ®øng sau nã. (Subject) The man who robbed you has been arrested. The is the girl who has won the medal. Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town. I’ invited Ann, who lives0 in the next flat. 2. Whom: # Whom lµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ chØ ng−êi. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 89
92. English for electrical and electronic engineering # Whom ®øng sau chñ ng÷ chØ ng−êi vµ lµm t©n ng÷ cho ®éng tõ ®øng sau nã. (Object) The woman whom you saw yesterday is my aunt. The boy whom you are looking for is Tom. She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before. Peter, with whom I play tennis on Sundays, was fitter than me. The girls whom he employs are always complaining about their pay. 3. Which: # Which lµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ chØ vËt. # Which ®øng sau t©n ng÷ chØ vËt vµ lµm chñ ng÷ (S) hoÆc t©n ng÷ (O) cho ®éng tõ ®øng sau nã. The subject which you are studying is difficult. This is the book which I like best. His house, for which he paid £10,000, is now worth £50,000. This machine, which I have looked for 20 years, is still working perfectly. The dress whgich I bought yesterday is very beautiful. 4. That # That lµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ dïng chung cho c¶ ng−êi lÉn vËt. # That cã thÓ dïng thay thÕ cho WHO, WHOM, WHICH trong mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ Defining relative clause (M§QH x¸c ®Þnh) That is the bicycle that belongs to Tom. My dad is the person that I admire most. I can see a girl and her dog that are running in the park. 5. Whose # Whose lµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ chØ ng−êi. # Whose ®øng sau chñ ng÷ vµ thay thÕ cho tÝnh tõ së h÷u tr−íc danh tõ, whose còng ®−îc dïng cho vËt (= of which) # Whose lu«n ®i kÌm víi mét danh tõ. The boy whose bicycle you borrowd yesterday is Tom. John found a cat whose leg was broken. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 90
93. English for electrical and electronic engineering The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him. This is George, whose class you are teaching English, Mr. John, whose children are grown up, was retired last year. 6. When # When lµ tr¹ng tõ quan hÖ chØ thêi gian. # When ®øng sau chñ ng÷ chØ thêi gian. May day is the day when people hold a meeting. That was the time when he managed the company. I’ll never forgot the year when I was a freshman. 7. Where # Where lµ tr¹ng tõ quan hÖ chØ n¬i chèn. # Where ®øng sau c¸c chñ ng÷ chØ n¬i chèn. # Where ®−îc dïng ®Ó thay thÕ cho AT/ON/IN+ WHICH; THERE. That’s a place where I was born. Hanoi is the place where there are elegant people. Do you know the city where has the longest bridge in the world? 8. Why: # Why lµ mét tr¹ng tõ quan hÖ chØ thêi gian. # Why ®øng sau tiÒn ng÷ “THE REASON” # Why ®−îc dïng ®Ó thay thÕ cho “FOR THE REASON” Please tell me the reason why you are so late. He told me the reason why he had been absent form class the day before. “That’s why you go away” is a song by MLTR. Exercises: 1. The last record, the record was produced by this company, became a gold record. 2. Checking account, the checking account requires a minimum balance, are very common now. 3. The professor, you spoke to the professor yesterday, is not here today. 4. John, John’s grade are the highest in the school, has received a scholarship. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 91
94. English for electrical and electronic engineering 5. Philips bought a camera. The camera has three lenses. 6. Frank is a man. We are going to nominate Frank to the office of treasurer. 7. The doctor is with a patient. The patient’s leg was broken in an accident. 8. Jane is a woman. Jane is going to China next year. 9. Janet wants a typewriter. The typewriter self-corrects. 10. This book, I found the book last week, contains some useful information. 11. Mr. Bryant, Mr. Bryant’s team has lost the game, looks very sad. 12. James wrote an article. The article indicated that he disliked the president. 13. The director of program, the director graduated from Harvard University, is planning to retire next year. 14. This is a book. I have been looking for this book all year. 15. William, William’s brother us a lawyer, wants to become a judge. 16. She is the most intelligent woman. I’ve ever met this woman. 17. This doctor is famous. You invited him yesterday. 18. Do you know the music? It is playing on the radio. 19. The police want to know the hotel. Mr. Foster stayed there two weeks ago. 20. The examination lasted two days. I was successful in this examination. 21. These children are orphans. She is talking care of these children. 22. The two young men are not good persons. You are acquainted with them. 23. I have not decided the day. I’ll go to London on that day. 24. He doesn’t want to sell the house. He was born in this house. 25. The airport is the most modern one. We are going to arrive at this airport. 26. We enjoy the city. We spent our vacation in this city. 27. One of the elephants had only one tusk. We saw these elephants at the zoo. 28. I look at the noon. It was very bright that evening. 29. My dad goes swimming everyday. You met him this morning. 30. The man is my father. I respect this man most. Boä moÂn ngoaïi ngöõ- ñhskt höng yeÂn Page 92