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Đề tài Nghiên cứu bảo tồn và phát huy những giá trị văn hóa các dân tộc vùng Phong Nha - Kẻ Bàng

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  1. TRUING DAI HOC Ql -• -000- - J>/ ô^ BAO CAđ MET QIIA MUMIli NGHIEN CUU BAG TON vA PHAT HUY NHCNG GIA TRI VAN HOA CAC DAN TOC VUNG PHONG NHA - K ' Chii nhiem di tkt TS, NguylE The Mmn Co quan chu tri de tai: Triideg Bal hoc Qiiiiig linii Dmg Rm, thdng 10 ndm 20Q7
  2. TRU6NG DAI HOC QUANG BINH ooo BAO CAO KET QUA XGHmiN ClfC DE TAI NGHIEN ctru BAO TON VA PHAT HUY NHIJNG GIA TRI VAN HOA CAC DAN TOC VUNG PHONG NHA - KE BANG Chii nhiem de tai: TS. Nguyin The Hoan Co quan chii tri de tai: Trudng Dai hoc Quang Binh Dong H&i, thdng 10 ndm 2007
  3. MUC LUC Trang A. Thong tin chung vi de tai 3 B. Noi dung nghien cihi de tai 1. Str cSn thiet cua vi6c nghien ciru 4 2. Lich sit nghien cuu 4 3. Muc tiSu ciia d6 tai 5 4. Cach tie'p can, phucmg phap nghidn ciJu 6 5. K6't ciu cua dS tai 7 PHAN 1: T6NG QUAN \t Difiu KE&N TlTNHEfcN - XA U6l CAC DAN 8 TOC VUNG PHONG NHA - KE BANG I.l. Dieu Iiien tu nhien 8 1.2. Dieu Itien xa hoi 15 PHAN H: NGH1ÊN CCTU NHUNG GIA TRI VAN HOA CAC DAN TOC 24 VUNG PHONG NHA - KÊ BANG 1.1. MOT S6 KHAI NI$M n.2. NGHlfeN ctru CAC GIA TRI VAN HOA VAT TH^ n.2.1 Nghien curu lang ban dan toe 24 a. Trang thai cu tni cua ngucfi Chut 24 b. Lang, ban cua nguoi Bru - Van Ki^u 28 n.2.2 Y phuc va trang sure 36 a. Y phuc va trang siic cua ngucri Chiit 36 b. Y phuc va trang siic cua ngucfi Bru - Van Kilu 38 n.2.3. Cong cu san xuat va do diing trong sinh hoat dcil song 42 a. C6ng cu san xua't va d6 dung cua ngucri Bru - Van Kieu 42 b. C6ng cu san xua't va d6 dung cua nguoi Chiit 53 n.2.4. Nghien cihi cac hinh thiic an, uong, hiit 66 a. Cac hinh thiic an, u6'ng, hiit cua nguoi Chiit 66 b. Cdc hinh thiic an, u6'ng, hiit cua nguoi Bru - Van Kieu 73 n.3 NGHlfeN ctru CAC GIA TRI VAN HOA PHI VAT THE 78 n.3.1. Vdn hoc dan gian a. Van hoc dan gian ngucri Chiit 78 b. Van hoc dan gian ngucri Bru - Van Kieu 83
  4. II3.2. Nghe thuat dan gian 86 a. Nghfi thuat dan gian cua ngucri Chiit 86 b. Nghd thuat dan gian cua nguoi Bru - Van Kieu 90 II.3.3. Cac loai nhac cu 92 a. Cac loai nhac cu cua ngucri Bru - Van Kilu 93 b. Nhac cu truyin thtfng cua ngucri Chiit 94 II.3.4 Cac ll hoi truyen thong 97 a. Ll h6i ciia ngucri Bru - Van Kilu 97 b. LI h6 cua ngucri Chiit 108 II.3.5. Phong tuc tap quan 100 a. Phong tuc tap quan cua ngucri Bru - Van Kilu 100 b. Phong tuc tap quan cua ngucri Chiit 122 n.3.6. Ton giao tin ngudng 125 a. T6n giao tin ngu5ng cua ngucri Chiit 125 b. T6n giao tin ngu&ng ciia ngucri Bru - Van Kilu 130 n.3.7. Cac luat tuc 136 a. Luat tuc ciia nguoi Chiit 136 b. Luat tuc ciia ngucri Bru - Van Kilu 141 II.3.8. To chiifc cong dong 159 a. T6 chiic xa h6i ciia ngucri Chiit 159 b. Td chiic xa h6i ciia ngucri Bru - Van Kilu 162 n.3.9 Nghien cihi tri thiic ban dja 173 a. Tri thiic ban dia ciia ngucri Bru - Van Kilu 174 b. Tri thiic ban dia ciia ngucri Chiit 186 PHAN IH: CAC GlAl PHAP BAG T6N VA PHAT HUY VAN HOA CAC DAN TOC PHUC VU CHO HOAT DONG DU LICH VA PHAT TRif N 200 KINHT^-XAHOI I. NHAN XET T6NG QUAT \t KET QUA DI^U TRA XA HOI HOC 200 H. CAC GiAi PHAP BAO T6N VA PHAT HUY GiA TRI VAN HoA cAc 212 DAN TOC c. KÊT LUAN 220 PHAN PHU LUC 213 TAI LifiU NGHlfiN ctru vA THAM KHAO 244
  5. A. THONG TIN CHUNG VÊ Dfi TAI 1. Ten de tai: Nghien curu bao ton va phat huy nhung gia trj van hoa cac dan toe vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang. 2. Chu nhiem de tai: Nguydn The'Hoan Hoc vj: Tie'n sy Noi cong tac: Khoa Boi dir6ng-Tai churc Trirdng Dai hoc Quang Binh. DT: 0912 483 587 3. Co quan chu tri de tai: Trirdng Dai hoc Quang Binh. Dja chi: Phirdng Bac Ly- Thanh pho Dong H6i, tinh Quang Binh Dien thoai: 052 822 010 4. Nhumg ngirdi tham gia chinh: ThS. Le Thuy MiJi ThS. Cao Thj Thanh Thuy - Cao hoc. Hoang Van Tan - CN. Tran Van Ninh - CN. Tran Thj Dieu Hong
  6. B. Ndi DUNG NGHlfiN CtTU Dfi TAI 1. Su can thie't ciia viec nghien cihi: Tii trudrc den nay viing Phong Nha - Ke Bang da duac nhieu ngucri quan tam, nghien ciiu, dac biet sau khi dugc UNESCO cong nhan la "Di san thidn nhien The gidi", Phong Nha - Ke Bang thuc sir trcr thanh ncri thu hiit su chii y ciia nhiiu nganh khoa hoc trong nudc va qud'c te. Ngoai nhirng gia tri mang tfnh toan cSu ciia Phong Nha - Ke Bang nhu: Dia mao, dia cha't, danh thSng, da dang sinh hoc cr day con chiia dung nhirng gia tri van hoa het siic d6 s6 va doc dao. Tuy nhi6n hitn nay vin chua co mot cong trinh nao dl cap den va'n de nay do do viec ngliien ciiu de tai co y nghia hl^t siic ca'p thilt. Viing Phong Nha Ke Bang la dia ban cu trii ciia nhiiu dan tdc it ngucri chu yfiii la dan tdc Chiit va Bru Van kilu trong dd dang chii y nha't la cac dan tdc ngudfi A Rem, Rue, Sach (Chiit) va Van Kilu, Khua, Tri, Ma Coong, Ka Rai (Bru Van Kilu). Day la nhiing tdc ngudi cd trinh dd phat triln kinh te van hoa - xa hdi h^t siic lac hau. Nhiiu va'n dl vl ngudn g6c va qua trinh tdc ngudi, dac trung van hoa, ngdn ngii con chua dugc di sau nghifin ciiu. Do sdng biet lap thanh nhiiu nhdm nho, co sd' dan it, cu tni ncri heo lanh va dang trong tinh trang ngay cang bj mai mdt van hoa; kha nang tu luc phat trien gap ra't nhiiu khd khan. Vi the' trong tinh hinh hien nay viec nghien ciiu bao tdn va phat trien nhiing gia tri van hoa ciia cac tdc ngucri & day viira la ydu cdu ca'p bach vita la bien phap hiru hieu de bao luu nhirng di san van hoa vat cha't va tinh thdn ma tdc ngucri do da tao nen trong qua trinh lich sir. Dilu nay cd y nghia vd ciing quan trpng, bdi vi su phat triln hay tieu vong mdt cdng dong tdc ngudi bao gid cung tuy thudc vao nhiing ye'u td' ndi sinh - truyin thd'ng van hoa ciia chinh cdng dong a'y. Mdt khi yd'u td ndi sinh ye'u dt, van hoa tdc ngudi bi mai mdt thi se dan den nguy co danh ma't ban sdc ciia dan tdc minh. Vi the', day la vdn dl cd y nghia dac biet lien quan de'n sir sinh tdn va phat triln ciia cac dan tdc d khu vuc nay. 2. Lich sii nghien cihi Vdn dl nghien ciiu van hoa ciia dan tdc it ngudi d tinh Quang Binh tnrde day va hidn nay da dugc de cap de'n trong mdt sd cdng trinh nghien ciiu ciia cac tac gia trong va ngoai nudc nhu. "So lugc gidi thieu cac ddn tdc it ngudi d miin nui Quang Binh", "Dan tdc A Rem va ddn tdc Rue", "Tim hieu ngudi Rue d miin niii Quang Binh" "Thanh phdn nhdn chung mdt sd nhdm tdc ngudi d miin mii Quang Binh" ciia cac nha nghien ciiu ddn tdc hgc: Nguyin Binh, Mac
  7. Dudng, Nguyin Dinh Khoa vao nhirng nam 60 de cdp dl'n mdt sd vdn dl nhdn chiing hgc ciia cac nhdm tdc ngudi d Quang Binh. De'n nhirng nam 70 cac tac gia nhu Duong Dinh Khdi Nguyin Van Tai, Ngd Diic Thinh da cd nhirng bai viit nghien ciiu vl su phan bd dan cu, thanh phdn dan tdc va ngdn ngii ciia mdt sd tdc ngudi d day. Nam 1988 cd cdng trinh nghien ciiu ve ngdn ngii ngudi Rue d Quang Binh ciia Trdn Chi Ddi, Nguyin Phii Phong va M.FERUS thudc Trudng Dai hgc Pari VII. Dang chu y nhdt la cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu ciia Nguyin Van Manh, Nguyen Van Lgi, Vd Xuan Trang nhu "Tieng Rue", "Ngudi Chiit d Viet Nam" (1996), "Ngudi Rue d Viet Nam" (1998), gdn day la cdng trinh "Phong Nha Ke Bang tii tu lieu tdng quan" cua Sd khoa hgc cdng nghe va mdi trudng Quang Binh nam 2002; "Di san thien nhien the' gidi - Vudn qud'c gia Phong Nha Ke Bang" cua Cue dia chdt va khoang san Viet Nam nam 2003. Nhin chung cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu tren dl cap de'n mdt sd vdn de vl nhdn chiing hgc, ngdn ngii hgc, van hoa va mdt sd linh vuc khac ciia cac ddn tdc ft ngudi d Quang Binh, nhung chi tap trung nghien ciiu vl cac nhdm tdc ngudi thudc dan tdc Chut chii cac nhdm tdc ngudi thugc dan tdc Bru Van Kilu ft dugc chii y de'n. Mat khac pham vi nghidn ciru kha rdng tren dia ban miin mii Quang Binh va nhirng vdn dl neu ra cd tfnh chdt tdng quat chua cu the , dac bidt la chua dl cap dd'n nhiing ndi dung ciia dl tai nghidn ciru. Tuy vay, dd la ngudn tai lieu rdt bd fch cho vide nghien ciiu dl tai. 3. Muc tieu ciia de tai: Nghidn ciiu nhirng gia tri van hoa ciia cac dan tdc d viing Phong Nha - Ke Bang, chii yd'u la cac gia tri vl van hoa vat thi va phi vat the, nhdm giii gin ban sdc van hoa ciia cac dan tdc d day trudc nguy co ngay cang bi mai mgt. Trdn ccr sd nghien ciiu, danh gia thuc trang, de tai se de xudt mdt sd giai phap cu thi cd tfnh kha thi nhdm bao tdn va phat triln van hoa cac dan tdc ngudi vilng Phong Nha - Ke Bang va phuc vu cho cac hoat ddng du lich. Viec nghidn ciiu dl tai se gdp phdn khang dinh thdm nhiing di san van hoa ddc dao ciia vimg Phong Nha - Ke Bang dl khdng ngimg ddy manh vide khai thac gia tri ciia di san thidn nhidn thd' gidi phuc vu cho vide phat trien kinh te' - xa hdi van hoa d day. 4. Cach tiep can, phucmg phap nghien ciru a. Phucmg phdp tiep can
  8. van dung cac quan diem ciia Dang va Nha nudc ta ve chfnh sach dan tdc ciing nhu nhiing vdn dl h luan va thuc tidn cdp bach cd lidn quan dd'n dan tdc, tdc ngudi d nudc ta va trdn the' gidi. Dac biet la vdn dung quan diem ciia nghi quye't Hdi nghi ldn thii 5 Ban chdp hanh Trung uomg Dang khoa VIII vl viec xay dung va phat triln nin van hoa Viet Nam tidn tid'n dam da ban sdc ddn tdc. Ngoai ra cdn dua vao cac nghi quylt ciia Tinh uy, Nghi Quyd't Dai hdi tinh Dang bd Quang Binh ldn thii 13, 14 vl viec thuc hidn cac muc tidu phat trien kinh td'- xa hdi d dia phucmg trong thdi ki cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa. Phucmg phap nha't quan, bao quat toan bd qua trinh nghien ciiu la each tie'p can tdng hgp lien nganh. Ben canh chii y de'n cac chuyen nganh: lich sii, dan tdc hgc, ngdn ngii hgc, dia If hgc va cdn kit hgp nhieu chuyen nganh khac: Van hoa, tam If tdc ngudi, nghien ciiu tdng hgp nhirng vdn dl vl kinh td'-xa hdi. Chii trgng vide idiao sat nghidn cun thuc dia va diin da dan tdc hgc nham thu thap dilu tra, xii If thdng tin tir cac ngudn tu lieu khac nhau de tdng Idim ke, phan loai cac di san van hoa vat the va phi vat the ciia cac dan tdc ft ngudi vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang. Sit dung cdng nghd phdn mim GIS dl quy hoach phat triln cac loai hinh du lich d viing Phong Nha - Ke Bang nhu: Du lich van hoa, lich sit, du lich lang, ban dan tdc, kd't hgp du lich van hoa, du lich sinh thai vdi du lich hang ddng va tham quan cac di tfch lich sii bdng mdt hd thd'ng ban dd, scr dd, tranh anh Cd thi xem day la giai phap quan trgng gdp phdn phat triln du lich bin virng d khu vuc Phong Nha - Ke Bang. Sii dung cac phucmg tidn ki thuat hidn dai nhu: Camera, may anh, bang, dia nhdm luu gia nhiing di san van hoa tfch cue cung nhu tuydn truyin gidi thidu rdng rai vdi khach tham quan vl cac loai hinh van hoa nghd thuat ddc dao, phong tuc tap quan, nd'p sd'ng ciia cac dan tdc d viing Phong Nha - Ke Bang. Tie'n hanh dilu tra xa hdi hgc de xem xet viec tid'p nhan mdt sd gia tri van hoa cQa dan tdc khac (chii yeu la dan tdc Kinh) trong ddi sd'ng sirih hoat ciia cac dan tdc ft ngudi d khu vuc nay. Mat khac tha'y dugc cac ye'u td van hoa ban dia ciia cac tdc ngudi d day cdn luu giu dugc trong bdi canh giao luu van hoa va thuc hien cac chuang trinh, du an xay dung cd sd ha tdng dien, dudng, nha d, va chuang trinh xoa ddi giam ngheo dd'i vdi cac dan tdc it ngucri d vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang trong nhirng thdi gian qua. b. Ddi tuang phgm vi nghien cicu:
  9. Van hoa vat the va van hoa phi vat the ciia ddng bao ddn tdc thidu sd khu vac Phong Nha - Ke Bang sinh sdng d viing ldi (vung trung tam) va viing dem ciia khu di san. Bao gdm cac tdc ngudi Van Kilu, Ma Coong, Khiia, Tri (Dan tdc Bru - Van Kieu) va Rue, Sach, Arem, May (Dan tdc Chiit) cu the: + Vung loi cd 02 xa: xa Tan Trach (Bd Trach) cd ban 39 gdm tdc ngudi Arem, va ban Dodng ciia tdc ngudi Van Kilu. Xa San Trach (Bd Trach) cd ban Rao Con cua tdc ngudi Van Kilu. + Vung dem d khu vuc Phong Nha - Ke Bang cd 12 xa nhung trong dd cd 7 xa la cd ddng bao dan tdc sinh sd'ng, nhung dl tai chi tap trung nghien ciiu d 2 xa: Gdm 1 xa ciia huyen Minh Hoa la Thugng Hoa (gdm cac ban On, ban Yen Hgp, ban Phii Ninh, ban O O (Rue Lan) cd cac tdc ngudi Rue, Sach, May, Khua va 01 xa ciia huyen Bd Trach la Thugng Trach gdm cac tdc ngudi Ma Coong, Khiia,Tri Tuy nhien do dia ban sinh sd'ng ciia cac dan tdc dugc trai dai tren mdt pham vi he't siic rdng ldn, nen dl tai se tap trung di sau nghien ciiu cac tdc ngudi d vilng ldi (viing trung tam) va d xa Thugng Trach, xa Thugng Hoa la chii yd'u. Bdi vi day la viing ddng bao dan tdc cd trinh dd hd't siic lac hau va bi mai mdt nhiiu vl van hoa. Hem niia la viing cd nhieu di tfch lich sii, van hoa, hang ddng va du lich sinh thai quan trgng ciia vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang, tao dilu Icidn ddy manh vide ke't hgp cac hoat ddng du lich ciia cac loai hinh du lich ciia di san thien nhien the' gidi. Cdn cac dan tdc khac (Kinh) sinh sd'ng tren vilng Phong Nha - Ke Bang, ndi dung nghien ciiu ciia dl tai Ididng dl cap de'n. c. Nhiing dong gop cua detai: Nghidn ciiu, thd'ng kd va phan loai cac di san van hoa vdt the va phi vdt thi ciia cac ddn tdc ft ngudi d vimg Phong Nha - Ke Bang. Dua trdn thuc trang va ludn eii khoa hgc, de tai se dl xud't mdt sd giai phap cd tfnh kha thi nhdm bao tdn va phat trien van hoa cac dan tdc trong ddi sd'ng ducmg dai va phuc vu cho cac hoat ddng du lich va gdp phdn phat trien kinh tl-xahdidday. 5. Ke't ciu cua de tai: Ngoai phdn md ddu, kd't ludn, va phu luc, dl tai gdm cd 03 phan. Phdn I: "Tong quan ve dieu kien tu nhien - xd hgi cdc ddn tgc viing Phong Nha-Ke Bdng". Phan II: "Nghien cicu nhitng di sdn vdn hod vgt the vd phi vdt the ciia cdc ddn tgc 6 vdng Phong Nha - Ke Bdng". Phan III: "Cdc gidi phdp bdo ton vd phdt huy gid tri vdn hod cdc ddn tgc phuc vu cho hogt dgng du lich vd phdt trien Icinh te- xd hgi".
  10. PHANI T6NG QUAN \t DIEU KIEN TU NHIEN - XA HOI CAC DAN TOC VUNG PHONG NHA - KE BANG I.l. DI^UKlfiNTlTNHlfiN a. Vi tri dja Iy, dia hinh Khu vuc Phong Nha - Ke Bang ndm vl phfa tay bdc tinh Quang Binh, dgc bien gidi Viet Lao, cd tga do dia ly 17°20'- 17°48' vi dd bdc, 105° 46'- 106° 24' kinh dd Ddng. Chieu dgc nai dai nhdt la 70 km tir deo Mu Gia dd'n mii U Bd theo hudng Tdy bdc- Ddng nam. Chieu ngang ncri rdng nhd't la 31 km tii Tay Gat (xa Xuan Trach, huydn Bd Trach) din bien gidi Viet Lao, theo hudng Ddng bdc - Tay Nam, ndm dgc theo bidn gidi Viet Lao vdi chilu dai khoang 50 km [20] Theo sa dd kid'n tao lanh thd Viet Nam, khu vuc Phong Nha-Ke Bang thudc ddi udn nd'p Vidt -Lao, tit ddu dai cd sinh nd da dugc hinh thanh, do tfnh chdt bao mdn tao thanh mdt dia hinh Karst diin hinh .Nhin mdt each tdng quat trong khu vuc cd 3 kilu dia hinh chinh (kilu dia hinh mii da vdi, kieu dia hinh phi karst, kilu dia hinh chuyen tid'p). - Kieu dia hinh niii dd voi Kilu dia hinh nay chiem phdn ldn didn tfch trong Vudn Qud'c gia gdm khd'i mii da vdi lidn tuc tit day niii Phu Toe Vu, deo Mu Gia (huydn Minh Hoa keo dai tdi hang En, Rao But, Ca Rodng (huyen Bd Trach), dai khoang 70km. Ddy chfnh la khd'i mii da vdi lien tuc rdng ldn nha't ciia Viet Nam. Pham vi ciia mii da vdi trai rdng sang Lao cd didn tfch khoang gdn 200.000ha. N^u tfnh toan bd khd'i mii da vdi lidn tuc ca vl phfa Vidt Nam va Lao thi day la mdt trong nhirng khd'i mii da vdi rdng ldn nhdt hanh tinh (Pierre G,1966). Tai day, cac day mii da vdi phat triln hdu nhu lidn tuc, thanh phdn tuang dd'i ddng nhdt, do cao trdn 1000m. Dia hinh mii da vdi bi chia cdt rdt manh, vdi nhung vach da dung diing, xd'p ldp, dinh ldm chdm, thudng kem theo qua trinh karst do hoa tan va ngung ddng cacbonat hinh thanh ndn cac nhu da, mang da, ndm da, chudng da, cdt da da dang, phiic tap, dep ki didu trong cac hang ddng. Nhiiu nai da bi mai mdn tao ndn nhung cdng trdi, rumg da, cdu da, gid'ng da rdt ki thii. Giiia cac vach da thudng la cac thung kin dai va nhd, rdng khoang 20-lOOm. Trong viing mii da vdi hdu nhu khdng cd sdng sud'i trdn bl mat, ma chi thd'y d vanh ngoai. Cac mdt hiit rai rac trong cac thung IQng dua nudc thoat theo cac sdng ngdm. Viing karst
  11. nay cdn chiia nhiiu bf dn, nhiiu ncri chua hi cd ddu chdn ngudi dat tdi. Dac bidt nd ndm d miin phan thuy giiia hai hd thd'ng sdng: Xd Bang Hien va Xe Bang Phai chay vao sdng Me Kdng va he thd'ng sdng Son, sdng Gianh, sdng Dai Giang chay ra biln Ddng [20]. Kieu dia hinh phi karst Kilu dia hinh nay chiem ti le thdp, phan bd d vdng ngoai vung niii da vdi d phfa Bdc, Ddng Bdc va Ddng Nam Vudn Qud'c gia. Do cao bid'n ddng tit 500- 1000m hay han chiit ft. Do chia cdt tucmg ddi sdu va do dd'c kha ldn, trung binh 25-30 Cd kha nhiiu thung IQng hep chay dai theo cac sud'i nhu khe Am, khe Cha Lo, khe Chua Ngiit va d cue Tay Nam cd thung IQng dgc Rao Thucmg. Nhin chung dia hinh phi karst khdng cao han nhiiu so vdi dia hinh karst Tit bdc xud'ng Nam cd cac dinh: Phu Toe Vu (1000m), Ma Tac (1068m), Co Khu (886m), U Bd (1009m), Co Rildt (1128m) ; dinh cao nhd't ciia dia hinh karst cung la dinh cao nhdt cua Vudn Qud'c gia lÊ( dinh Co Preu (1213m), d vl phfa cue Nam ciia Vudn Qud'c gia. Dia hinh phi karst cung la vung ddu ngudn ciia cac con sdng, sud'i chay vao sdng Gianh. Dang dia hinh nay thoai va mim mai vd cd dd chia cdt cQng khdng manh bang vilng niii da vdi ndn nhin chung dia hinh hoi dan didu. [20] Kieu dia hinh chuyen tiep Day la kilu dia hinh cd su xen ke phiic tap giua cac khd'i da vdi va dia hinh da luc nguydn. Chiing phdn bd rai rac, thudng tap trung d nhung vung chuyen tie'p giiia niii da vdi va da luc nguyen. Dia hinh thudng la nhiing dinh niii thdp dudi 800m, tuy khdng hilm trd nhu dia hinh karst nhung cung rdt da dang, phiic tap. Khu vuc Phong Nha -Ke Bang ndm chii yd'u trdn dia phan hai huyen Bd Trach va Minh Hda la vilng niii thudc Bdc Trudng San hiem trd, cd dd cao trung binh 700 - 800m so vdi mat nudc bien, vdi tga do 17°42' den 18°16'vi do bdc. Viing da't nay phfa bdc tid'p giap tinh Ha Tinh, phfa tay giap nude Cdng hda Dan chii nhan dan Lao, phfa Ddng giap huydn Quang Trach. La mien mii ndm dgc theo triln ddng ciia day Trudng San ndn dia hinh Bd Trach va Minh Hda kha hilm trd. Niii d day nghieng ddn theo hudng Tay Bdc - Ddng Nam va cd do dd'c khdng diu nhau. Cd day mii nd'i liln nhau triing didp tao thanh hinh vdng cung cd mdt ddu nhd ra sat biln (day Hoanh Son), bdn canh dd lai cd nhiiu nggn mii da vdi hinh chdp nd'i dai lidn tuc, giua chiing cd khi gian doan bdi nhung thung
  12. lung karst. Qua trinh karst d ddy dang trong giai doan phat trien manh me, Ichdp viing ta thdy nhung phdu karst, gieng karst lam cho "riing niii, mudn hd, ngdt ngheo dm u" Vi thi cac ddng chay d day thudng bi diit quang, cd nghia la nhiing ddng sudi dang chay lai biln mdt va lai Id ra d mdt ncri khac tao ndn nhiing mach nude ngdm (ddng bao quen ggi la rue nudc) va cung vi dja hinh Karst hoat ddng manh ndn d day da hinh thanh nhiiu hang ddng ndi tie'ng. VI mat cdu tao dia chdt, mii d day la mdt khdi da bien ehd't rdt cd, cd tir trudc ky Dl vdn, dac biet d ddy la cd nhiiu mach mii granft cdt ngang. Nhutig ididi da granft bi diit gay da lam cho ddt pdralit trao ra bao phu mdt viing rdng ldn. Mat Idiac do su didn bien phiic tap ciia qua trinh trdm tfch va phun trao da vdi qua cac thdi ky kid'n tao dia tdng, ndn dja hinh d day khdng ddng diu, cd vung niii nha'p nhd triing diep, cd ddt trdm tfch, viing ddt trdm tfch tao thanh nhung thung lung tucmg ddi bang phing. Nhung thung lung d day thudng rdt hep, sau va khdng md, cd nghia la niii diing bao phii xung quanh.(chang han nhu thung lung d Ban Ddong, thung lung d Rao Con). Vdi dien tfch 68.119 ha, ne'u tfnh ca khu vuc rirng dac chiing, dac dung trdn mii da thi khu vuc Phong Nha-Ke Bang cd tdng didn tfch tren 147.000 ha [22]. b. Khi hau, sdng ngoi, thd nhudng va sinh vat Vdi nhung dac diem vl mat ca'u tao dia hinh nhu da ndu. Cd the ndi rdng dilu kidn tu nhien d vimg Phong Nha - Ke Bang la vd cung khdc nghidt, ludn hiing chiu nhiiu yd'u td khf hau bdt thudng, mac dii khu vuc nay ndm trong vung nhidt ddi dm gid mua. Tfnh ehd't nhiet ddi dm da tdc ddng mdt each sdu sdc dd'n cac dilu kidn tu nhidn (dia hinh, dd't dai, ddng thuc vat ). Do cac cudc kiln tao dia tdng phiic tap ndn dd't dai d day cd nhiiu loai khac nhau, thfch nghi vdi timg loai ddt trdng cd gia tri nhu ddt ferah't vang, nau phat triln trdn da granit. Loai ddt nay chid'm mdt didn tfch rdt ldn thfch nghi vdi cdc loai cay cdng nghidp nhu: che hd tidu, dau, thudc la, vimg, dau tdm d day cdn cd loai ddt nau thdm phat triln tren da pargnai hay da phien thach. Loai dat nay thudng tha'y d cac sudn ddi, thfch hgrp cho viec gieo liia, trdng hoa mau nhu: khoai, sdn. Hdu hd't nuang rdy dl trdng liia va hoa mau cua ddng bao diu dugc khai thac trdn nhung ddi mii cd loai da't nay. Ngoai ra d day cdn cd mgt loai ddt thich hgp cho vide phat trien Ilia nudc, ngd, mfa dd la dd't ddc tu. Dd't dd'c tu do qua trinh trdm tfch ciia da vdi tao thanh va thudng la nhirng khoanh rudng bac thang d viing cac thung liing. 10
  13. Nhu vay ddt trdng d Tuyen Hda va Minh Hda cd nhiiu loai, nhiiu tdng canh tac, cho phep chiing ta phdt triln mdt nen ndng nghiep toan dien gdm nhiiu loai cay trdng va vat nudi. Dia hinh d day cdn la dilu kien thuan lgi cho cac he ddng thyc vat phat triln phong phii va da dang vl ca sd Iugng va chiing loai. Vdi 1.398,58km^ tdng sd didn tfch ddt lam nghidp chid'm gdn 60% dien tfch ty nhidn ca hai huydn, riing Bd Trach va Minh Hda la mdt kho tai nguydn phong phu vl lam thd san, vdi nhiiu loai gd quy nhu: da huang, hue mdc, canh kid'n, lim, tau, go, mun, ddi, chd, kin kin Ngoai gd quy, ritng d day cdn cd nhiiu loai tre niia song may, ddt, la ndn va nhiiu loai cay dugc lieu cd gia tri nhu: sa nhan, ha thii d, ngu gia bi, sam, trdm Riing d day cdn cd nhiiu loai rau qua: ndm, mang Dd la nhung nguyen lieu phong phii hd trg cho ngudn thyc phdm ciia ddng bao. Xen ldn giira sdng, sudi, mii rimg, trdn cac sudn ddi la nhiing bai cd xanh tuoi. Ngudn lgi thidn nhidn nay la dilu kidn dl mii ritng Bd Trach va Minh Hoa phdt triln chan nudi dai gia siic. Niii rimg Bd Trach va Minh Hda cdn la noi sinh sd'ng ciia hang tram loai chim, thii nhu: hd, huou, nai, Ign rimg, chdn cao, son duomg, khi mdt vai khu riing gia cdn tdn tai nhiiu ddng vdt quy hid'm nhu: voi, gd'u, cdng. Mat ong cung la mdt dac san rdt phong phii d day. Nhin chung tham thyc vat va cac loai ddng vat d Bd Trach va Minh Hda cd dilu kien phat trien thuan lgi, rimg d day nhiiu tdng, nhiiu ldp chiia dyng mdt tiem nang ldnh td' ldn khdng chi trdn ITnh vyc khai thdc gd lam san, dugc lieu, huang lidu ma cdn la mdi trudng ly tudng cho nhiiu loai thu quy sinh trudng. Bd Trach va Minh Hda cd mdt hd thd'ng sdng sud'i kha day dac. Mdt vai con sdng nhu: sdng Gianh, Rao Nan, Rao Ndy, sdng Cu Nhang, sud'i. Ha Vi, sdng Son va hang tram khe sud'i nhd khac, da chia cdt dia hinh d ddy dd'n miic cu: vdi chuc km, cd noi vai km da thdy xudt hidn nhiing sdng sud'i kha Idn. Trong dd dang chii y nhdt la sdng Gianh. Sdng Gianh phdt nguydn tit deo Mu Gia xud'ng khe Ve dugc ggi la sud'i Bam va tir dd ra bien mdi ggi la sdng Gianh. Sdng Gianh cd rdt nhiiu ghlnh thac sdu va rdng. Vung ha luu cua sdng chiu anh hudng ciia thiiy trilu ndn cd chd' dd IQ lut theo mua, vdi dac trung myc nudc dang theo lu. Sdng d ddy cd hidn tucmg dao long kha manh, do bdt ngudn tit vimg thugng luu cd dd cao ldn (trdn 1.000m) rdi thdp ddn d viing ha luu va dd ra biln Ddng. Vi thd' ddng sdng cd do dd'c ldn (tir 10,5 - 35°). Dd dd'c ldn nhdt la Iiic ddng sdng chay qua vung da vdi Ke Bang. Luu Iugng nudc cua cac sdng, sud'i 11
  14. thay ddi theo mua. Miia ndng nhirng ddng sdng, con sud'i thudng khd can thuan Igi cho vide di lai cho con ngudi, nhung lai gay trd ngai ldn dd'n qua trinh san xudt ndng nghidp, cung nhu dd'n ddi sdng hang ngay ciia ddng bao. Vao mua mua luu Iugng nudc ra't ldn. Do riJng ddu ngudn bi tan pha, cac ddi mii ven sdng sudi chil yd'u phat trien bai lau lach, cd tranh, hoac tham chf cd ddi trgc tra trgi, ndn dd'n mua mua, tit hang ngan con sud'i ldn nhd nudc chay xud'ng cac ldng sdng dd ra bid'n ca, cudn phang cd cay, bao mdn cac sudn ddi. Mat khdc do luu Iugng cua ddng chay ldn ndn vide di lai va cac hoat ddng binh thudmg khac cua ddng bao gap nhiiu khd khan. Ve khf hdu, Nhidt do binh quan hdng nam bie'n ddng tir 23-25 °C giua cac thdng dao ddng kha Idn, cyc dai vao thang 7 trdn 29 °C, cyc tieu vao thang 1 la 17 °C. Nhidt dd cao nhd't tuydt dd'i la 41,6 °C va nhidt dd thd'p nhdt tuydt dd'i la 5,5°C. Thdi tid't Ianh nhdt trong nam vao cac thang 12, 1 va 2 va thdi tiet ndng nha't trong nam vao thdng 7, 8. Cd nhiet dd trung binh cao tren 28 °C. 10 La vilng mii da vdi rdng ldn, sy dao ddng nhiet giua ngay va ddm rd't ldn, bidn dd nhiet trong ngay he ndng biic, bidn do thudng trdn 10°C. Mua ddng sy dao ddng nhidt vdn trdn 8° C [20]. Khu vyc Phong Nha -Ke Bang ndm trong vung cd lugng mua Idn, binh quan tur 2000 dd'n 2500 mm/nam. 6 khu vyc mii giap bien gidi Viet-Lao, lugng mua cdn ldn tdi 3000mm/nam (Minh Hod). Ba thang mua ldn nhd't la cac thang 9,10,11. Tdng lugng mua trong miia mua (tii thang 5 dd'n thang 12) rd't cao, chid'm tdi 80% tdng lugng mua nam. Mua tap trung vdi cudng dd ldm, cd ngay lugng mua dat 415mm.Tdn sd xudt hidn nhung tran mua to chid'm khoang 20%, tap trung vao thang 9 va 10. Xdi mdn va Iu ldm thudng xay ra vao thdi gian nay. Lugng bd'c hoi kha cao, bid'n ddng tii 1000 dd'n 1300mm/nam. Lugng bd'c hoi ldn nhdt vao cac thang 5,6,7,8, vi anh hudng ciia gid Lao khd ndng. Dd dm khdng khf d miic trung binh (83-84%). Mua khd cd do dm thdp hem nhiiu, chi cdn d miic 66-68%, ca bidt cd ngay xud'ng tdi 28%. Ddy la nhutig ngay gid Lao thdi manh, thdi tid't rd't khd, ndng, de doa chay ritng va hoa hoan.Cd 2 miia gid chfnh la miia ddng va miia he. Gid miia ddng: Tit thdng 11 dd'n thang 1 nam sau, thinh hanh hudng gid Ddng Bdc xen giu'a cac dgt gid Ddng Bdc la nhumg ngay gid Ddng hoac Ddng Nam. 12
  15. Gid miia he: Do yeu td dia hinh ndn cac nggn mii cao ngan chan gid hudng Tay Nam va ddi thanh gid Tay Bdc tit thang 5 de'n thang 8. Gid nay khd ndng gay khdng ft khd khan cho san xudt ndng nghidp va vide bao vd rimg. Hang nam cd trdn 50 ngay cd gidng va 1 den 2 com bao di qua hoac anh hudng den khu vyc vdi tdc do gid trdn cdp 8. Nhu vay, dac trung cua chi do khi hau ciia viing Phong Nha- Ke Bang vdn mang nhung net chung nha't ciia khf hau Quang Binh la khf hau nhidt ddi gid miia, cd mua he khd ndng va mua dd'n mudn (Thu Ddng), chiu anh hudng manh me ciia bao va gid tfn phong lanh phfa Bdc. Khu vyc nay ndm ggn trong luu vyc cua cac ddng sdng sud'i: Rao Thucmg, sdng Chay, sdng Trode, sdng Son diu la thugng ngudn ciia sdng Gianh. Vudn Qudc gia bao gdm mdt vimg da vdi rdng ldn, vi thd' hien tugng nudc chay ngdm la phd bie'n. Tren mat da't cd mdt sd khe sud'i nhd dd vao Rao Thuang, chay Id thidn nhung bi ngdt quang khi chay ngdm qua cac hang ddng, sau khi quy tu Iai chay vl sdng Chay, sdng Trode vd hgp luu vao sdng Son rdi dd vd thugng ngudn sdng Gianh.Miia mua, cac sud'i can cd nudc dang cao, tao ddng chay ldm va lu cue bd, nhung can mua nudc nit rdt nhanh qua cac "mdt hut". Mua lu tir thang 9 den thdng 11 trimg vao nhiing thang mua Idn nhdt. Lii ldn thudmg xud't hidn vao giua thang 9 va thang 10. [9] Ngoai miia mua IQ chfnh, sdng Son cdn chiu anh hudng ciia dgt mua phu (mua tiiu man) vao cdc thang 5,6. Mua tiiu man ddi khi gdy lu lut ldn. Khi lu lut nudc sdng Son mang nhiiu phu sa, bdi ddp cho cac dai ddt ven bd va lam bid'n dang ddng sdng do hidn tugng "bdi, lo" Miia nudc can vao cac thang 1-7, cac khe sud'i nhd trd thanh "khe ehd't" Sdng Chay va sdng Son cd muc nudc rd't thd'p va ddng chay tdi thilu. Bd Trach va Minh Hda ndm trong viing nhidt ddi gid mua, khf hau ndng dm va chia lam hai miia rd ret: Miia mua va miia khd. Miia khd ndng didn ra tit thang 3 dd'n thang 8 va triing vdi gid miia Ddng-Nam. Sd gid ndng binh quan hang ngay la 6,4 gid, ngay ndng nhiiu nhd't dat 9,9 gid. Ndng gay gdt nhat didn ra tit thang 5 dd'n thang 8 hang nam, cd nhung nam ndng ndng keo dai tii 4 den 5 thang liln. Miia nay ft mua, nhung thang 5, thang 6 thinh thoang cd nhumg tran mua gidng. Nhiet dd bdt ddu ldn cao tir thang 3 va len cao nha't tit thang 6, thang 7. Tit nu'a thang 7 trd di, gid thdi ndng, khd va rdt dii ddi. Ngudi ta ggi la gid Lao. MQa mua bdt ddu tfir thang 9 nam trudc dd'n thang gidng hoac thang 2 nam 13
  16. sau va keo theo gid miia Ddng-Bdc. Loai gid nay cd khi rdt manh va thudng mang theo khdng khf lanh, mua ddm nhdt la tir thang chap trd di. Mua nhiiu nhdt vao thang 9, 10 va 11. Trong 3 thang nay lugng mua nhiiu gdn gdp ddi lucmg mua cua nhumg thang cdn lai trong nam. Nhidt dd tmng binh hang nam la 24,3° d thdi diem cao nhdt nhidt do ldn dd'n 40°, thdi diim thdp nhdt nhidt do xud'ng dudi 10°. .[22] Nhin chung, dilu kidn ty nhidn d khu vyc nay hd't siic khdc nghiet da cd anh hudng rd't ldn dd'n ddi sd'ng sinh hoat va lao ddng san xudt cung nhu sy sinh tdn, phdt triln ciia cac ddn tdc vimg Phong Nha-Ke Bang. Vl tai nguydn khoang san d Bd Trach va Minh Hda cd the ke dd'n mdt tru lugng ldn md granit da cao tudi, da vdi da't Iam gach ngdi. Cdng vdi cac ngudn tai nguydn quy gia khac ciia rimg, ngudn khoang san nay la nhiing tiin dl rdt quan trgng dl phat trien nin kinh te d viing nay. Nhin chung dilu kidn ty nhien ciia Bd' Trach va Minh Hda rd't phong phii va da dang. Vdi dia hinh chia cdt nhiiu tdng, dd't trdng nhiiu loai, vdi chd' dd khf hdu tucmg dd'i dn djnh, vilng ddt d day cd dieu kidn phat triln niiilu loai gid'ng cay trdng va vdt nudi. Tham thuc vat va cac loai ddng vat phong phii d miin ritng mii hai huydn nay cQng la nhumg tiin dl cd tfnh chdt quyd't dinh dd'n vide dn dinh va phat triln nin kinh td', van hda xa hdi ciia dan cu trong viing. Tuy nhidn, dilu kien ty nhien d day khdng kem phdn khdc nghiet, khf hau nhiet ddi ldm ndng nhiiu mua, gay nen han han keo dai d miia khd va lu lut d miia mua, them vao dd che dd gid Lao va gid mua Ddng-Bdc trai diu 2 miia trong nam. Dac biet vdi he thd'ng mii da Ke Bang trimg didp, hd thd'ng sdng ngdi, khe sud'i, mach nudc ngdm day dac lam cho dia hinh niii rittig d day vd'n da hilm trd lai cang hilm trd han. Tdt ca nhumg dilu dd da gay nen khdng ft khd khan trong vide phat triln san xudt, dn dinh ddi sd'ng va qua trinh giao luu di lai ciia ddng bao. Horn nira, do ldi sd'ng du canh, du cu vdi hinh thiic canh tac ndng nghidp bdc Idt ciia ddng bao cac dan tdc, he sinh thai rtoig ddu ngudn bi pha vd nghidm trgng Iam cho ngudn tai nguyen eiia khu vyc bi thoai hda, can cdi, rittig bi tra trgi. Vide pha vd he sinh thai riing ddu ngudn se ddn dd'n sy ndng ndng gay gdt d mua khd va Iu lut triln midn d mua mua. Tdt ca nhumg dilu dd cang gay thdm khd khan, phiic tap cho vide dn dinh ddi sd'ng ciia ddng bao cac dan tdc trong vilng. 14
  17. 1.2. DIEU KIEN XA HQI a. Tinh trang dan cu Khu vyc Phong Nha Ke Bang ndm trdn dia phan cua 9 xa thudc hai huydn Minh Hda va Bd Trach, dd la cac xa: Dan Hda, Hda Son, Trung Hda, Thugng Hda (Huydn Minh Hda), Xuan Trach, Thugng Trach, Tan Trach, Phiic Trach, San Trach (huydn Bd Trach).Cac xa giap ranh gdm: HungTrach, Phii Dinh (huydn Bd Trach) va xa Trudng Som (huyen Quang Ninh). Miin Tay Bd Trach va Minh Hda la huyen miin mii cua tinh Quang Binh- ncri sinh sd'ng chii yeu cua ddng bao dan tdc Chiit va Bru Van Kilu. Day la mdt vung ddt ndm vl phfa Tay Bdc ciia Trung Trung bd Viet Nam, cd day Hoanh Som giang ngang d phfa Tay Bdc, day Trudmg Son vay kin phfa Tay Nam, vung ddi ban san dia khep Iai d phfa Ddng. Vung mii huydn Bd Trach va Minh Hda cd mdt vi tri hd't siic quan trgng vl kinh td', chfnh tri va qudc phdng ciia lanh thd Viet Nam. Noi ddy chiia dyng nhiiu tilm nang ve kinh td' rittig, la noi sinh tu ciia nhiiu tdc ngudi anh em ndi ngdn ngu Mdn- Khcrme, Viet - Mudng. La noi cd nhiiu mii cao, rifng rdm, dd'c diing, nhiiu da vdi, nhiiu hang ddng ndi tid'ng, nhiiu dinh mii cao tidu bilu nhu: Phucophi 2.071m, Cotapum 1.629m, Ca Rodng 1.029m, Ba ren 1.200m, Hoanh Scm 1.049m , la noi nhung con dudng xuydn Viet - Lao, dudng thugng dao Bdc Nam, dudng "xe dgc Trudng San di ciru nudc" va la nai can cii dia ciia nhiiu cudc khang chie'n chd'ng ngoai xam ciia ddn tdc ta. Bd Trach va Minh Hda la viing ddt cd lich sit van hoa Idu ddi, noi con ngudi da tu cu sinh sd'ng tit ngan xua, nai chiia dyng nhiiu ddu tfch van hda ciia cac ldp ddn cu trong qua trinh lich sii. Noi ddy cac nha khao cd hgc da tim tha'y ddu tfch cu tni ciia ngudi nguydn thiiy. Tai cac hang ddng d day nhu: hang Hum, hang Khai, hang Hdi Trudmg, hang Len Bang cdc tdng van hda khao cd da dugc phat hidn nhu tdng van hda vd d'c, dac bidt la dc van, dc mii, trai, hen va nhiiu xuang thii, dd gdm. Dac bidt tai hang Khai, cac nha khao cd cdn tim dugc mdt bd xuang ngudi ldn ndm canh bd xuomg tre em ngay trong tdng van hda vd d'c. Van hda khao cd d cac hang ddng vung mii Tuyen Hda va Minh Hda dugc cac nha khao cd xdc dinh thudc vao thdi dai dd da giiia, each ngay nay trdn dudi mdt van nam va theo Colani- nha khao c6 hgc ngudi Phap thi cac nin van hda dd tucmg ducmg vdi van hda Hda Binh d phfa Bdc. Nam 1943, Xd-rang va Pha-rd Ma-gid da phat hidn va khai quat nhimg di chi cd nidn dai mudn hom d vilng ddt nay nhu di chi hang Minh Cam, khe Toong. Tai cac di chi nay tim dugc nhiing dd da, dd gdm cd kilu dang, phong each ciia 15
  18. dd gdm ,dd da van hda Phiing Nguyen. Dd la nhumg cdng cu da cd nhiiu vet ghe deo va dd gdm cd hoa van ddu thittig, hoa van hinh sdng nudc. Tai hang Minh Cdm giiia nhiing khu md tang xuang cdt ldn xdn, cac nha khao cd hgc cdn tim thdy mdt manh xuang gdt chan trai, cd vd't khda cd the la ddu rdc thit. Tuc rdc thit ngudi ehd't phd bid'n nhiiu d thdi dai dd da mdi. Dac bidt thii vi han la cdn tim thdy mdt cai rang bi cut nhu bi giua, bi mai bdi mdt cdng cu sdc cd hai ranh song song. Phong tuc ca rang ciia ngudi tiin sit Quang Binh hidn nay vdn cdn d ngudi Thugng [9]. Nhu vay Idp cu dan ddu tien d viing nay la nhiing bd lac nguyen thiiy. Hg chua bie't lam nha, ma cdn d ddng, d hang, cho nen ngudi ta cQng cdn ggi hg la ngudi cdc hang ddng. Hg khdng dimg sdt nhu chiing ta. Dao, rya ciia hg diu bang da. Ngay nay, chiing ta chi biet Idp cu dan cd mat rdt sdm d vung nay la ngudi Chiit, bao gdm cac nhdm Rue, May, Sach, Arem, Ma Liing. Vi ddy la mdt bd phan dan cu cdn bao luu nhiiu yd'u td cd nhdt vl van hda va ngdn ngii ciia khdi tiin Vidt- Mudng. Chdc chdn nhdm cu dan nay tach ra khdi khd'i Vidt-Mudng chung trudc khi Mudng tach khdi Viet. Hem nGa day la mdt tdc ngudi bi phan tan, xe nhd, sd'ng tdch rdi nhau, ft cd lidn hd vdi nhau va chi trir nhdm Sach cdn lai cac nhdm dang chiu mdt qua trinh thoai hda vl nhiiu mat ndn y thiic vl tdc ngudi cua hg cdn rd't kem. Ngoai dan tdc Chut, d day, cdn cd dan tdc Bru- Van Kilu sinh sd'ng. Do sy bid'n dgng lich sii, nhdm dan cu thudc ngdn ngii Mdn- Khame da trai qua nhiiu cudc thidn di trong dd cd dan tdc ngudi Bru - Van Kilu. Day la bd phdn cu ddn cd tdn ggi cung vdi ten ggi Vdn Kilu d Quang Tri. Trudc kia, ngudi Van Kilu chi cu tni tir huyen Quang Ninh trd vao phfa Nam. Tir nam 1990, ngudi Van Kilu mdi di cu ra xa San Trach (Ban Dodng, Ban Rao Con) mdt bd phan ft cua ngudi Khua sd'ng d xa Thugng Hoa. Trong nhdm Bru - van Kilu thi tdc ngudi Ma Coong chid'm bd phan ldn. Ngudi Ma Coong la cu dan chii yd'u ciia xa Thugng Trach. Nhdm Tri, vdi sd Iugng ft cimg cd dia ban cu trii vdi nhdm Ma Coong. Mdt sd hd ciia ngudi Ka Rai, ngudi Mudng cung cu tni dday. Nhu vay, so vdi ngudi Bru - Van Kilu d Quang Tri, ngudi Bru - Van Kilu d Quang Binh cd dac diem tdc ngudi khac han. Sy khac nhau dd thi hidn d chd: d Quang Tri cdng ddng nay la ddng nhdt, trong khi dd d Quang Binh tuy sd Iugng ngudi ft hon nhung lai cd tdi 4 nhdm cu dan khac nhau: Khiia, Ma Coong, Tri, va van Kilu. Dd'n nay cd hom 2.000 ngudi phan bd chii ye'u d Thugng Trach, Tan 16
  19. Trach (huydn Bd Trach). Cac nhdm ngudi nay tir lau da dugc cac nha dan tdc hgc trong va ngoai nudc cho rang hg cd mdi quan he than thudc vdi cac nhdm Bru d Lao nhu Sd, Khai, Tri va thidn di vao viing Tay Bdc Quang Binh trong nhieu thdi gian khac nhau. Tdm Iai ngudi Chiit dugc coi la ldp cu dan cd mat sdm nhdt d vilng niii Tay - Bdc tinh Quang Binh. Tid'p dd'n la bd phan cu dan ndi ngdn ngS Mdn - Khame (Van Kilu, Khua, Ma Coong, va vl sau nua la Tri) d Lao tran sang trong nhiiu thdi ky lich sit. Cu thi dia ban cu tni va dan sd ciia cac nhdm tdc ngudi d vimg Phong Nha- Ke Bang nhu sau: 1. Nhom Rue: Hidn nay da sd da dugc dinh canh, dinh cu tai ban Phii Ninh, ban Yen Hgp, ban 6 6 va ban On, xa Thugng Hda, huydn Minh Hda cd 93 hd, 414 khdu [44] 2. Nhom Sach: Sd'ng tuomg dd'i dn dinh d xa Thugng Hda ciia huydn Minh Hda vdi 65 hd, 267 khdu.[44] 3. Nhom May Ngudi May d Thugng Hda cd 11 hd, 48 khdu [44]. Ddi sd'ng ciia hg rdt khd khan. Kinh td' hai lugm, san bdn, bat ea vdn cdn ddng vai trd hd't siic quan trgng trong ddi sd'ng hang ngay cua ddng bao. 4. Nhdm Arem. Cd sd Iugng dan cu ft nha't trong cac nhdm ciia tdc ngudi Chiit. Hien nay d cdy sd 39 thudc Ban 39 cd 47 hd, 218 khdu thudc xa Tan Trach, huydn Bd Trach [45] 5. Nhom VSn Kieu : Sd'ng chii yd'u d 2 xa cQa huydn Bd Trach, d Ban Dodng (Tan Trach) cd 13 hd 64 khdu. Ban Rao Con (Som Trach) cd 26 hd 142 khdu.[45] Day la nhdm tdc ngudi thidn di tit phfa nam ra va d mdt vi tri khd hiem trd hdu nhu each bidt d bdn ngoai. Dd la nhumg thung IQng nam trong khu vyc Phong Nha - Ke Bang di lai rd't khd khan. 6. Nhdm Ma Coong: Cu tni chu yd'u la d xa Thugng Trach (Bd Trach) giap bidn gidi Vidt - Lao. Ddy la nhdm tdc ngudi cd sd Iugng nhiiu nhdt trong dan tdc Bru - van Kilu d Quang Binh, sd'ng rai rac d cac triln mii, khe sud'i gdm 18 ban vdi 397 hd 1967 khdu. [45] Tdc ngudi nay da dinh cu d day kha lau. Theo cac nha nghidn ciiu, lich sit cua tdc ngudi Ma Coong cho rang, hg la nhung ngudi cu dan ban dja cd nhung dac diem khac vdi ngudi Van Kilu. Ngoai ra hg cdn cd md'i lidn hd vdi ngudi Lao, trong ddi sd'ng van hoa cung cd nhumg anh hudng cua van 17
  20. hoa Lao (phong tuc tap quan, y phuc.) Day la mdt lyc lugng quan trgng gdp phdn bao vd vung bien gidi Viet - Lao thudc dia phdn tinh Quang Binh. 7. Nhdm Khua, Tri, Kai Rai, Mudmg: Day la nhdm tdc ngudi cd sd lugng ft nhdt d viing Phong Nha - Ke Bang sd'ng chung vdi cdc tdc ngudi khac va d nhOng dia ban khdc nhau, do vay vl mat van hod vira mang nhumg dac diim cua tdc ngudi minh vira chiu anh hudng nhung net van hod cua tdc ngudi khac. Cu thi: ngudi Khua sd'ng d ban Ydn Hgp (Thugng Hoa) cd 3 hd 11 khdu, d Ban 61 (Thugng Trach) cd 3 hd 15 khdu; tdc ngudi Tri d Ban But, Ban Cd Dd (Thugng Trach) cd 13 hd 59 khdu; ngudi Mudmg d Ban But va Ban 51 (Thugng Trach) cd 6 hd 29 khdu, ngudi Ka Rai d ban Aky (Thugng Trach) cd 3 hd 14 khdu. [45] Theo kd't qua dilu tra khao sat ciia chiing tdi hien nay sd lugng dan cu va phan bd dia ban cu tni ciia cac dan tdc d vimg Phong Nha - Ke Bang nhu sau: 1). XA THUONG TRACH- HUYEN BO TRACH [45] Ban Sd hd Sd khau Tdc ngudi Ghi chu 1, Ban A-Ky 19 98 Ma Coong 3 hd 14 khdu ngudi KaRai 2. Ban Tudt 14 71 Ma Coong 3. Ban 61 30 143 Ma Coong 3 hd 15 khdu ngudi Khua 4. Ban Trol 14 70 Ma Coong 5. BanCdDo 37 180 Ma Coong 12 hd ,54 khdu ngudi Tri 6. Ban Cham Pu 23 122 Ma Coong 7. Ban 51 15 58 Ma Coong 5 hd 24 khdu ngudi Mudmg S.Ban Nodng Cu 11 55 Ma Coong 9.Ban Nodng mdi 20 110 Ma Coong 18
  21. 10. Ban But 31 144 Ma Coong 1 hd ,5 khdu ngudi Tri, 1 hd ,5 khdu ngudi Mudng 11. Ban Ka Rodng 1 25 129 Ma Coong 12. Ban Ka Rodng 2 21 98 Ma Coong 13. Ban Cu Tdn 32 154 Ma Coong 14. Ban Code 22 109 Ma Coong 15. Ban Con Roang 30 154 Ma Coong 16. Ban Nju 19 87 Ma Coong 17.Ban Ban 25 147 Ma Coong 18. Ban Khe Rung 9 38 Ma Coong Cong 397 1967 2) XA TAN TRACH - BO TRACH [45] Ban Sd hp So khau Tdc ngudi Ghi chii Ban 39 47 218 Arem Ban Dodng 13 64 van Kilu 3) XA SON TRACH BO TRACH [45] Ban Sd hd So khau Tdc ngudi Ghi chu Rao Con 26 142 van Kilu 4) XA THUONG HOA - MINH HOA .[44] Tdc Ban Phu Ninh Ban dn Ban Yen Hgp Ban Md 0 19
  22. ngudi Sdhd So khau Sdhd Sd khau Sdhd Sd khau Sd Sd hp khau Sach 11 47 18 76 34 138 2 6 Rue 2 7 39 167 2 9 50 231 Khiia 3 11 May 1 2 9 43 1 3 Cong 14 56 66 286 40 161 22 267 2.Tinh hinh kinh tecac dan tdc vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang Trong mdt khu vyc sinh tdn rdng ldn vdi da dang cac dieu kidn sd'ng, lai tdn tai gdn nhu tach bidt nhau, ngudi Chiit, Bru - Van Kilu d Phong Nha - Ke Bang la mdt cu dan ndng nghiep, nhung tinh hinh kinh te trong timg nhom cung cd nhiing dac diim khac nhau ft nhiiu. Nhdm Sdch chu yeu lam rudng nudc, ben canh dd cdn lam rudng vai (rudng khd) rdy, san bdt, danh ca, hai lugm, chan nudi. Cac nhdm cdn lai, do phdn Idn dan cu phai sd'ng trong tinh trang hit siic lac hau, hoang da, ndn kinh te' nucmg rdy ciia hg cQng he't siic lac hau. Vdi Id'i canh tac chgc Id, tria hat trdn dd'c niii, nang sudt thdp, riii ro nhiiu, ndn ngudn thu tir luong thyc trdng (Iiia, sdn, ngd ) chi du nudi sd'ng hg vai ba thang. Thdi gian cdn lai trong nam, hg chd'p nhan sd'ng du canh, du cu vdi cdc hoat ddng kinh td' hai lugm, san bdt. Nhin chung hoat ddng kinh te cua ngudi Chiit d khu vyc nay Iam rudng, nucmg rdy, chan nudi va cac nghi phu gia dinh. Chan nudi chii yd'u la trau bd, Ign, gia cdm, ngoai ra cdn cd hoat ddng khai thac cac san phdm tir rimg nhu san bdt ddng vdt, Id'y gd, ciii, song may, cay thud'c. Cung gid'ng nhu dan tdc Chiit, dan tdc Bru - Van Kilu hien nay cd nhihig hoat ddng kinh te chii yiu sau day: Trdng trgt: ddng bao Bru - Van Kilu d day trdng Iiia, ngd, sdn, thud'c la tren nuong rdy. Chan nudi: Ngudi Bru - Van Kilu chua coi hoat ddng chan nudi la ngudn thu nhap cho dcri sd'ng. Vi the tuy hg cd nudi Ign va nudi ga nhung la sy chan nudi ty nhidn ndn nang sudt rdt thdp. 20
  23. Hai lugm: Day la loai hinh kinh tl dam bao ngudn cung cdp thyc phdm chfnh cho ngucri Bru - Van Kieu. Di cd dugc luang thyc, thyc phdm cung cdp cho ddi sd'ng hang ngay ciia minh, ngucri Bru - Van Kilu sit dung nhiiu phuang tidn dl danh bat cac loai: bat ca, bdt thii riing, bdt chim va hai qua Cd thi ndi, kinh td' san bdn, hai lugm vdn la mdt hoat ddng kinh td' quan trgng trong ddi sd'ng cua dan tdc Chiit va Bm - Van Kilu d Phong Nha Ke Bang hien nay. Tuy nhien, hinh thiic ciia hoat ddng ldnh te nay cdn rdt thd sa vi nd phu thudc hoan toan vao dilu kidn sinh thai ty nhidn ciia mii rimg. Bdn canh dd ddng bao cac dan tdc d day cdn phat trien cac nghe thii cdng (dan lat va mdc). Cho dd'n nay d vung nay vdn khdng cd chg, san phdm lam ra thudng dem trao ddi vdi ngudi Kinh d ddng bang ldn hoac giua cac ban vdi nhau. Nhumg nam gdn ddy, vdi sy giiip dd cua cac chuong trinh, dy an, ngucri Bru-Vdn kieu va Chiit da cd nudi trdu, bd. Do chfnh sach bao vd rimg cua Nha nudc, ngudi Bru - Van Kilu va mdt sd tdc ngudi Chiit (Arem, May) d Phong Nha-Ke Bang ndi chung cung da dugc giao didn tfch rimg de bao ve. Mdi hd dugc giao bao vd khoang 30 ha rirng. Tuy nhidn hinh thiic hoat ddng kinh tl nay chua dem lai nhiing hidu qua cu the cho ngudi dan d day vi sd lugng bao vd rimg la khdng dang kl so vdi didn tfch rimg ty nhien rdt ldm d Phong Nha - Ke Bang. Nhin chung, tinh hinh kinh td' d ddy kem phat triln, ddi sd'ng ddng bao dan tdc cdn gap nhiiu khd khan, thu nhap binh quan ddu ngudi hd't siic thdp. Tinh trang thid'u ddi vdn didn ra thudng xuydn. Phan bd lao ddng Ididng ddng diu, ty Id tham gia lao ddng cdn tha'p, do dd thid'u ngudn nhan lyc tai chd dl phat trien cac nganh nghi kinh td' mdt each cd hidu qua. (xem bang). Phdn bd' lao dpng vimg dong bao dan tpc d Phong Nha - Ke Bang [45] Phan bd lao ddng Cac xa CO Tdng sd ddng bao dan Nam Nii Ghi chii ngudi tpc Sdlugng Tyle SoIugng Tyle Thugng Trach 1967 469 23,8 388 19,7 Tan Trach 282 86 30,5 51 18,1 Som Trach 142 37 26,1 22 15,5 21
  24. Thugng Hod 740 167 26,2 142 22,3 Cdng 3131 759 603 Tir nhung md ta ve tinh hinh hoat ddng kinh te cua ddng bao cac dan tdc viing Phong Nha - Ke Bang, chiing ta cd the nit ra dugc mdt vai nhan xet vl hoat ddng kinh tl d day nhu sau: Kinh te ndng nghidp, bao gdm hinh thiic trdng trgt va san bdn hai lugm la hinh thiic hoat ddng kinh td' chfnh dl duy tri cudc sd'ng ciia ngudi ddn d day. Phuang thiic boat ddng san xudt la phuang thiic boat ddng kinh td' truyin thd'ng. Trdng luomg thyc theo ldi canh tac nuomg rdy quang canh, cung cdp thyc phdm theo Id'i san bdn, hai lugn san phdm trong rimg. Vdi phuang thiic boat ddng nay, nang sudt lao ddng rdt thdp, thu nhap ciia ngudi dan khdng dang kl. Vi thd' tinh trang thid'u ddi se khdng giam ma ngay cang trdm trgng hom. 3.Tinh hinh van hoa, giao due, yte Do sd'ng trong mdi trudng thidn nhidn khdc nghidt, hiem trd, ca sd ha tdng tha'p kem, nin kinh te cdn gap nhiiu khd khan, do vay tinh hinh van hod giao due d ddy cd nhiiu han chd'. Phdn Idm ddng bao dan tdc d day trinh do dan tri cdn tha'p, chil yd'u la nhiing ngudi ldn tudi. Qua khao sat ciia chiing tdi d 25 ban cd ddng bao dan tdc sinh sd'ng gdm cac tdc ngudi Sach, Rue, May, Arem, Ma Coong, van Kilu, Khiia, Tri cho thdy ty Id mii chii rdt cao, sd ngudi bid't dgc biet vid't chi dat dd'n trinh dd Idp 1 Idp 2, sd hgc sinh phdn ldm la tiiu hgc, ft cd hgc sinh d bdc trung hgc ca sd. Dac bidt, cd nai ty Id mii chu hdu nhu hoan toan (ching han d Ban Dodng - Tdn Trach). d day lai khdng cd trudng hgc, tre em hdu nhu thdt hgc, ca ban chi cd 2 ngudi bid't chQ. Tuy nhien hien nay do sy quan tdm ciia cd'p uy Dang chfnh quyIn, sy nd lyc ciia nganh giao due dao tao va sy hd trg ciia nha Nudc, he thd'ng trudng ldp viing ddng bao dan tdc d Phong Nha - Ke Bang da tang Idn (xem bang). 22
  25. Tinh hinh giao due vung ddng bao dan tdc d Phong Nha - Ke Bang [46,47,48,49] Tinh hinh phat trien giao due So trudng Cac xa cd Sd hpc sinh hpc ddng bao dan Sd Sd Sd tpc Tieu THCS Ldp hp khau ldp Ldp Ldp Ldp hpc tren 1-2 3-5 6-7 7 Thugng Trach 397 1967 01 01 22 3,5 128 75 0 Tan Trach 60 282 01 0 4 12 25 19 2 Som Trach 26 142 Khu 0 3 21 8 0 0 vyc le Thugng Hoa 142 740 01 01 11 76 33 6 4 Tdng cdng 652 3131 3 2 40 454 194 94 6 Cac loai hinh sinh boat van hod va ddi sd'ng tinh thdn ciia ddng bao cac dan tdc d khu vyc nay cdn rdt thid'u thd'n va lac hau. Miic hudng thu van hoa nghd thuat cdn thdp. Cudc sd'ng ddi ngheo, kinh td' bdp bdnh, bdnh tat de doa, dilu kidn di lai khd khan da lam cho biic tranh van hoa, xa hdi vimg ddng bao dan tdc d Phong Nha - Ke Bang trd ndn thid'u anh sang. Nhung nam gdn ddy, Nha nudc da cd nhQmg chucmg trinh hd trg xay dyng ca sd ha tdng nhu giao thdng, thuy lgi, nha d, trucmg hgc, tram y td' da khdc phuc dugc tinh trang thid'u thd'n, lac hau, phdn nao tao dieu kidn cho vide md mang van hoa va timg budc dn dinh ddi sd'ng. 23
  26. PHANH NGHlfiN Ctru NHUNG GIA TRI VAN HOA CAC DAN TOC VUNG PHONG NHA - KE BANG n.l. MOT S6 KHAI NIEM * Di san van hoa: La toan bd nhung san phdm vat chdt, tinh thdn mang gia tri lich sii van hoa, khoa hgc, thdm my do cac thi he trudc sang tao va truyin lai cho cac th^ he sau [32]. * Di san van hod phi vat thi: La toan bd nhOng san phdm vat chdt mang gia tri lich sir van hoa, khoa hgc, thdm my bao gdm cac di vat, cd vat [32]. * Di san van hoa phi vat thi: La toan bd nhung san phdm tinh thdn mang gia tri lich sit van hod, khoa hgc, thdm my bao gdm tid'ng ndi chu viet, Id'i sd'ng, phong tuc, tdp quan, le hdi [32]. Di san van hod vat the va phi vat the gdn kit vdi nhau tao ndn mdt he thdng gia tri dl khang dinh ban sdc rieng ciia mdt cdng ddng, mdt dan tdc. Cho ndn sy phan bidt di san van hod vat the va phi vat thi chi cd tfnh cha't tucmg dd'i. Ching ban, trong cac di san van hod vat thi nhu cac cdng trinh kid'n tnic dinh chua mid'u mao da bao ham gia tri van hod vat thi, dd la tri tud, tinh cam, thi hid'u cam xiic, thdm my * Bao tdn van hod la giu lai, khdng thi mdt di (Tir diin Tid'ng Viet). Bao tdn chi cd thi hiiu dugc ddy du va diing nghia nhdt khi nd dugc dat trong mdi quan hd vdi sy phat triln. Bao tdn khdng phai chi la sy cd gdng gift gin de khdng bi mdt di, ma phai bid't chgn lgc nhung hidn tugng dang cd nguy ca bi mat di dy nhumg kha nang tilm tang, lam cho nd cd thi tilp tuc song hanh cimg xu hudmg di ien ciia cudc sd'ng. Bao tdn ma khdng dua di san van hod vao cudc sd'ng thi chua phat huy dugc gia tri thyc sy ciia truyin thd'ng. n.2. NGHlfiN ctru CAC GIA TRI VAN HOA VAT THE. II.2.1. Nghien ciiru lang, ban dan tdc a.Trang thai cu trii ciia ngudi Churt Lang ban: Cho din trudc Cach mang Thang Tam, dai bd phan cac nhdm ngudi Chut sd'ng du canh, du d trong rimg mii. Hg phai duomg ddu vdi manh thii dl gianh gidt timg hang ddng, rem da (trang thai cu tni nay hien cdn tha'y d mdt vai gia dinh ngudi Rue d Thucmg Hda,). Nhung do dac diim kinh te du canh du 24
  27. cu, hang ddng khdng dam bao cho sy di chuyin thudmg xuyen ciia hg, ndn nhung tiip llu tam bg, Igp bang la cay riing lai mgc ldn pho bid'n (trang thai cu tni nay cdn thdy d ngudi Rue, Ma Liing, Arem each day khdng lau). Vl sau, do phat triln cua siic san xudt, hg cd thi dinh canh, dinh cu trong mdt thdi gian nhdt dinh, ndn mai nha tuang dd'i bin vung dugc mgc ldn ben nhOng triln mii cao, ddu ngudn nudc. Ban ciia ngudi Chiit thudng cd quy md nhd, chi khoang 10-12 ndc nha, tham chf cd ban chi 3 - 5 ndc nha nhu mdt vai ban ciia ngudi Rue, Arem, d cac nhdm May, Rue, Arem, ban thucmg dyng gdn ngudn nudc, d vung mii cao noi cd dilu kien thuan Icri cho viec san bdn, hai lugm va lam rdy. Cdn ban ngudi Sach thudng d nhiing vung thung lung thdp, tuang ddi bdng phing, noi cd dieu kidn phat triln rudng nudc, rudng vai va nuomg rdy. Vide ddi ban de lap ban mdi cung rdt tiiy tidn. Thudng khi vimg ddt xung quanh ban, ngudn Igi cua thidn nhidn can kidt, nhu cay nhiic, cay nghen da hd't, thii vat chim mudng ngheo nan, ddt dai khd cdn hoac trong ban cd ngudi chit bat ddc ky tit, cd dich bdnh trien midn la ddng bao lai ddi ban di noi khac. Khi Idp ban mdi, Py cavel (trudng ban) cd vai trd quyd't dinh. Ong thudng hdi y kid'n Chdblii (thdy ciing) va hdi ddng Thdu ke (gia Iang) rdi tdng hgp cac y kid'n dl di dd'n quyd't dinh cud'i ciing. Trong ban ciia ngudi Chut, nha ciia khdng sdp xd'p theo mdt loai hinh nhdt dinh ma tuy thudc vao dia hinh, dia vat noi cu tni. Diim chung la tdt ca cac nha diu quay mat vl hudmg sdng sud'i. Trong ban cua nhdm May, Rue, Arem, Ma Liing khdng cd cdng trinh phu (nha vd sinh, chudng Ign, trdu bd) ndn gia sue, gia cdm (nd'u cd) diu tha rong. Ban ciia ngudi Sach thi khac hin, xung quanh nha cd cdng trinh phu va vudn cay an qua. Ban cua ngudi Chiit nhin chung cdn dan sa, chua hoan toan dn dinh. Ngay nay, nhieu ban dinh canh, dinh cu ciia ngudi Chiit da dugc xay dyng, nhu : ban O O; ban On cua ngudi Rue; ban Km39 dudng 20 a xa Tan Trach ciia ngudi Arem nhung nhin chung quy md ciia ban dinh canh, dinh cu qua nhd, mdt ban chi khoang trdn dudi vai tram ngudi, cac ban lai d xa nhau. Sd lugng dan cu cua mdt ban nhu vay se gay nhiiu khd khan cho vide quan ly hanh chinh, giao thdng di Iai va nhdt la md mang van hda, giao due d miin mii. Bdn canh dd, trong khi xay dyng cac ban dinh canh dinh cu, chiing ta chua that sy chii trgng dd'n quan hd gifta yd'u td truyin thd'ng va hidn dai, chua ndm 25
  28. vung tam ly, tap quan cung nhu da bd qua kinh nghidm truyen thd'ng xay dyng Iang cua ddng bao dan tdc. Dac bidt khdng tfnh het nhung khd khan khi ddi lang chuyin vl nai dinh cu mdi vdi nhung bd nga vl ca sd vat cha't, hinh thiic Iao ddng san xua't va ea nep sdng mdi. Chinh dilu dd da lam cho mdt sd diim dinh canh, dinh cu mgc len nhung Iai nhanh chdng tan vd, ddng bao lai quay vl ban cu (trudng hgp ddng bao Rue d Thugng Hoa xdy ra trong nhiiu nam). Nha cura. Nha cita la noi cu trii ciia mdt gia dinh, la mdt td hgp sinh boat van hda cOa mdt te' bao xa hdi. Nd phan anh hoan canh ty nhien, xa hdi, tam ly dan tdc, thi hie'u thdm my cua mdt tdc ngudi nha't dinh. Vi vay, nha cita cua ngudi Chiit ft nhiiu mang dang da'p ciia mdt tdc ngudi sinh sd'ng trong hoan canh dia ly qua khdc nghidt. Cac budc tid'n hanh lam nha eiia ngudi Chiit hd't sire dan gian. Liic ddu gia dinh ty ehudn bi va tap trung nhumg nguydn vat lieu nhu gd, tre, niia, tranh, may, day budc dem dd'n manh ddt da chgn. Sau dd chu nha chgn ngay td't dl tid'n hanh lam nha. nhumg ngay td't la nhung ngay chdn trong thang. Ridng thang bay ngucri Chiit khdng lam nha, vi cho ring thdng bay la thang xdu. Sau khi dinh ngay, chii nha bao cho dan ban bid't de mgi ngudi cimg tham gia. O ngudi Chiit cd hai loai nha: nha san va nha ddt. Mdi loai nha gdn liln vdi timg nhdm ngudi nhdt djnh. Nha san gdn liln vdi nhdm May, Ma Liing, Arem. Cdn nha ddt gdn liln vdi nhdm Sach, Rue. + Nha san: Nha san ciia ngudi Chiit rdt tam bg, thudng chi diing dugc tit 3 dd'n 4 nam. Dd la nhiing ngdi nha nhd, cd hai mai thdp vi keo budc bang nhiing day rittig rdt dom gian. Ky thuat lam nha theo phuuong thirc khdc ngoan va budc day, chua cd deo ggt, bao chud't cac bd phan ciia nha. Nha ed 8 cdt chfnh dugc dat thanh hai hang. Hang trudc cd 4 cdt (ggi la cdt cd Idd'c - cdt ddu), hang sau cd 4 cdt ggi la cdt chin (cdt chdn). Tam cdt nay cao chimg 3,5m, dudng kfnh 0,15m. Ngoai ra, nha cdn cd 4 cdt phu de dyng hdi nha d hai ddu. Td't ca cac cdt dugc chdn khoang 0,5m. Khung nha gdm 2 xa va 4 vi keo budc vao nhau mdt each dem gian (d mdt sd ban ngudi May, vi keo huge trudc vao mai chii khdng ndm d khung nha). San nha dugc lat bdng tre, niia dap dep, each mat ddt chftng 0,7m. Phdn bd mat bang trong nha rdt dom gian. Nha khdng chia thanh gian cd lid'p ngan. O ngudi May dgc nha phfa trong dugc chia Iam 2 phdn bang 1 cai nep: phdn trong (khoong), phdn ngoai (ngoai). Phdn ngoai la noi sinh boat cua dan dng trong gia 26
  29. dmh vita la noi dl tiep khach vui chcri. Phdn trong, phfa trudc la ncri de bdp chinh, phy, ed'i gia gao va cac dung cu lao ddng. Phfa sau la cac budng ngu. He thdng budng ngu dugc ngan each bing cac lid'p dan bdng mia. Gdn sat phdn ngoai la budng vg chdng chu nha va con nhd, tid'p dd'n la budng con gai ldn, cud'i ciing la ncri cua ngucri con trai mdi cudi vg [9]. Nha san ciia ngudi Arem Iai cang thd sa, dan gian hom. Phdn trong ngdi nha khdng ngan thanh cac budng ngu nhu d ngudi May. Giua nha la noi dat bep, mgi sinh hoat gia dinh tit vui cuai din an ngii deu diin ra xung quanh be'p (con trai khi ldy vg diu lam nha rieng dl d) +Nha da't: Nha da't ciia ngudi Chiit la mdt ngdi nha tha'p (khoang 4 m), mai nha che gdn 1/3 phdn trdn ciia vach. Nha thudng cd hai cita ra vao (ddu nha va cud'i nha), va hai ciia sd (phia sau va trudc nha). Canh cita thudng la mdt tdin lid'p sa sai khdng dinh vdi vach. ky thuat Iam nha chii yd'u la khdc ngoan, ddng chdt (con se). O ngucri Sach, cac bd phdn cua nha da dugc bao tran, nhung cung cdn sa sai. ca'u tnic cua nd gdn gid'ng vdi kilu nha mdt gian hai chai ciia ngudi Kinh d khu Bd'n cQ. Dilu dang chii y la ngdi nha ddt ciia nhdm Sach rdt gdn gQi vdi ngdi nha san ciia nhdm May, Arem, Ma Liing. Dd la sy cd mat ciia 4 thanh ngang dgc, each mat ddt khoang 0,2m ggi la ngeckamd (ddu vd't ciia nha san). Dac bidt la each bd tri mat bang trong nha gdn gid'ng vdi ngdi nha san. Dd la vide chia nha thanh hai phdn (trong va ngoai) bdi mdt thanh ngang tucmg ling song song vdi hai thanh ngang ciia bd phdn ngec (kamd) [9]. Toan bd ngdi nha vdi canh quan bdn ngoai gdm cac cdng trinh phu, mdt vai cay an qua da ndi ldn tfnh tuong dd'i dn dinh cua cu dan nay. Tuy vay, ky thuat kid'n tnic cdn thd sa, phd bid'n hinh thiic ldp mdng, khdc ngoan, cdt xa chua chii trgng bao nhSn. Du ngdi nha ciia ngudi Chiit edn rdt dom gian, nhung nhumg nghi Id, kidng ky lidn quan dd'n qua trinh Iam nha d hg cQng hit siic phiic tap. Chii nha chgn ngay thang tdt (dd la nhimg ngay thang chdn trong nam) rdi ty minh dyng cdt cai (cdt cdldd'c) ldn trudc; sau dd mdi nhd ba con giiip dd va chi cd chii nha mdi dugc phep ngdi phfa trdn "cdt cdldd'c" dl Igp. Khi nha da hoan tdt, chii nha ty tay nhen ldn mdt bd'p liia, bd'p liia dd phai dugc chay lidn tuc ba ngay ba dem. Sau dd, chil nha ty minh hoac mdi thdy rang, thdy xdy (thdy ciing) td chiic Id ciing de xin phep dng ba, thdn linh phii hd cho gia dinh dugc may mdn trong cudc sd'ng. 27
  30. Nha ddt ciia ngudi Rue, tuy hinh dang gdn gid'ng vdi ngdi nha ngudi Sach, nhung ky thuat kiln true cdn dan gian ban nhiiu. Cac bd phan ciia ngdi nha chii yiu dugc deo, ldp ghep, budc ndi lai vdi nhau bdng day thimg hd't siic thd sa. Vi thd', tudi thg, dd ben cua ngdi nha ngudi Rue khdng dugc lau dai, trung binh chi khoang tit 2 dd'n 3 nam [9]. Cach bd tri sinh boat ciia con ngudi trong pham vi ngdi nha dd'i vdi ngudi Rue cQng rdt gian dom nhu chinh cudc sd'ng ciia hg. Sinh boat cua cac thanh vidn trong ngdi nhd khdng cd mdt quy dinh nao ca, gdn nhu mgi ngudi deu binh ding trong vide sir dung khdng gian ciia ngdi nha. Can nha bdn trong ciia hg trd thanh mdt khoang trdng dugc che bd'n phfa. Ngudi Rue cdn cu tni mdt ncri dac bidt nua la hang da. Trudc khi dugc phat hidn, noi cu tni ciia ngudi Rue chii yd'u la cac hang da. Cac hang ngudi Rue chgn de cu tni thudng la nhiing hang cd mat bang cao hom mat da't dd vai ba met. Nhimg hang ed mat bang ngang vdi mat da't, du cd rdng bao nhidu ngudi Rue cung khdng d, trir nhumg trucmg hcrp qua cdn thid't hoac qua cd'p bach nhu sau tran dich xay ra chang han va cung chi d tam mdt thdi gian ngdn. Mdt hang cd thi cd mdt sd hd ngucri Rue d chung. Nhin vao cac da'u hidu nhu bd'p, ed'i gia, cd thi bid't hang dd cd mdy hd, nd'u nhu hg di rimg vdng hoac da bd di d hang khac. COng cd trudmg hgp mdt hang chi cd mdt hd d. Cdy cdi trudc cita hang rd't sum sud, mat me. Vi tri ciia hang each mat dd't chimg ban 2 m. Ngudi ta phai lam mgt cai thang bing gd dl ldn xud'ng. Sd di ngudi Rue chgn hang cao dl tranh sy de dga cua thii rimg. Ban ddm ngii, cd thi keo cai thang ldn de vao trong cho an toan. Trong hang cdn cd nhumg ngach sau, vl mua ddng ed thi nim vao sau cho dd ret. Miia he nim ngoai mat hang, phfa tren cd nhieu rem da, gid va vao rem da tao thanh dudng xoay d'c vao trong hang rdt mat [18]. Nhin chung, ngdi nha cua cac nhdm ngudi Chiit ke't cd'u cdn thd sa, dan gian. Ben trong, ngoai bd'p lira ra hdu nhu khdng cd vat gi dang ke; bdn ngoai, chi trir nhdm ngucri Sach, cdn d cac nhdm khac, ngdi nha nim tra trgi khdng cd cac cdng trinh phu, cac vudn cay, hang rao xung quanh.Cung gidng hdu hd't cac tdc ngudi thilu sd khac d khu vyc Trudng son -Tdy nguydn vdt lieu lam nha cua ngudi Chiit la nhftng nguyen vat lieu san cd d trong rftng. Hg chu yeu sir dung gd ta'u(ca cham) dl lam nha. Dieu dd, phan anh ddi sd'ng kinh te, van hda, xa hdi ciia cac tdc ngudi nay cdn qua thd'p kem, lac hdu. b. Lang, ban ciia ngudi Bru- Van Kieu 28
  31. Dia ban cu trii cua cac tdc ngudi Van kilu, Tri, Khiia, Ma Coong d Phong Nha-Ke Bang la ncri cd dia hinh hilm trd vdi su hien dien xen ke hen tie'p cac nggn nui, tao thanh nhung day niii Idn, xam chiem khdng gian Vung cu tni thudng la sy tan dung cac khoang ldng chao kha hilm hoac tucmg ddi bing phing kep gifta hai day mii ma ddng bao quen ggi la: 'Hung" Cac hung mii diu do tac dung xdi mdn ciia nudc mua va khi hau qua cac thdi dai cdu thanh. Vide thanh lap lang ban d nhung dia hinh lung chftng mii, gdn mgudn nudc la rdt phd bid'n. Cd thi ndi ngudn nudc la yd'u td quan trgng hang ddu trong vide lya chgn dia diim lap ban Iang cua ngudi Van Kilu, Tri, Khua, Ma Coong. Lang ciia ngudi Bru Van kieu la nai qudn tu cua vai chuc ndc nha. Qui md cua nd bao gdm khu ddt Iam ncri canh tac, chan nudi va ca tni. Ranh gidi dl phdn bidt gifta cac lang vdi nhau thudng cd tfnh ehd't quy udc, cd thi la mdt khe sud'i thidn nhidn, khu rftng hay mdt gd'c ed thu. Chung quanh Iang thudmg cd hang rao bao bgc bing Id d hay giang de ngan ngfta thu dft, ke gian hay giac gia Cd ncri do dia hinh quy dinh, sy bd trf cac ngdi nha trong lang thudmg trai dgc theo ngudn nudc, nhung nlu Iang dugc xay dyng trdn mdt didn tfch rdng va giai quyd't dugc mat bing tuong dd'i, chiing ta cdn thdy ngudi Vdn Kilu bd tri cac ndc cd mat nha quay Iai vdi nhau va dugc sip xd'p theo hinh trdn hoac hinh bdu duc.Tdt ca hudmg vao kid'n tnic trung tam la nha cdng cdng (xu khoan). Tuy nhidn kid'n tnic xu khoan (cd noi ggi la roong hay xu hd) khdng xudt hidn phd bid'n va thd'ng nhdt trong cac nhdm ciia ngudi Vdn Kieu. Do anh hudng ciia nin kinh te nuomg rSy, vdi dac tfnh du canh da ddn dd'n tap quan sd'ng du cu kha phd bid'n d ngudi Bru - Van Kilu ndi ridng va cu dan nuomg rdy ndi chung vao nhftng thdi ky trudc day. Trai qua mdt qua trinh du canh, du cu, trong ddi sd'ng ddng bao Bru - Van Kilu da hinh thanh ndn nhung kinh nghidm tap tuc, nhftng kieng eft cd tfnh chdt quy dinh vl cac nghi 11 trong viec ddi lang, chgn ddt dyng lang. Viec chgn da't dyng Iang dd'i vdi ngudi Bru - Van Kilu cd mdt y nghia bet siic quan trgng ca vl khf a canh vat chdt ldn tfn ngudng, md ra nhftng vu miia bdi thu, ban lang ydn vui hay ddn dd'n nhftng nam ddi kem mdt miia. Vi the, trong tdt ca cdc khdu ciia cdng vide dyng lang, khau chgn ddt la khau cd tfnh quyd't dinh nhdt. Dilu dd dugc phan anh qua nhftng quy dinh chat che cua luat tuc ve chgn da't xay dyng Iang. 29
  32. Luat tuc ciia ngudi Bru - Van Kieu quy dinh, chii lang (hoac gia lang) la ngudi duy nhdt cd quyIn diing ra quyd't dinh ddi lang hay chgn ddt lap lang, ngay ca khi vung ddt dd dam bao vl cac yd'u td nhu: thuan Icri cho san xudt, cu tni, sinh boat (gdn rimg, gdn ngudn nudc ). Trong vide chgn dd't dyng lang theo quy dinh ciia luat tuc, chu lang cd mdt vai trd rdt quan trgng, Ong la ngudi chiu trach nhidm tdi cao vl sy hung vong cua lang. Day vira la quyIn lgi, vira la nghia vu ddi vdi ngudi chii lang. Nd'u trong nam lang xay ra dich bdnh, mdt miia lidn tid'p, ngudi chu lang phai td chftc ciing te, hgp ban dl ddi lang dd'n mdt noi khac. Dii vay khi mud'n chuyin lang, luat tuc ydu cdu chii lang phai tdn trgng y kid'n ciia dan lang. Nd'u chu lang khdng nghe gdp y ciia dan, nhdt la y kiln cua "Hgi dong gid ldng" va de ddn lang ddi khd, dau dm, se bi ldn an va phd' trud't khdi cucmg vi chil lang. Trong vai trd la ngudi chu da't, ngudi chu lang cd nghia cu thay mat dan lang tid'p xiic vdi Yang qua cac Id cung hing nam. QuyIn Icri ma dng dugc hudng tit cucmg vi lanh dao la uu tidn chgn ddt dung nha trudc, dugc mgi ngudi trong lang giiip cdng siic nguyen lieu trong vide dyng nha. [29] Tuy nhidn, y dinh cua chii lang hay y kid'n ddng gdp ciia ddn Iang chi cd hidu lyc, gia tri khi dugc Yang ddng y hay khdng. Vide xin y kid'n Yang (bing Id Cling xin que) trai qua hai khau: thii nhdt diing cap chan ga trdng (phai la ga trdng to mdi linh thidng) dl xem xet da't dd la lanh hay dft. Ne'u cho que td't mdi tie'n hanh khau thii hai, nlu khdng se bd va di tim vung da't khac. Khau thii hai dugc tie'n hanh nhu sau: gia lang ldy 8 hat gao (phai la thit gao ngon nhdt trong Iang, nguyen ven, khdng sut me) bd vao mdt d'ng tre. Sau khi ciing xong, chii Iang se mang d'ng tre chdn (theo chieu ndm ngang) d manh ddt dd. Sau ba ngay ba dem dao ldn, nd'u 8 hat gao cdn nguydn ven, nhd't la khdng xd dich, nghia la Yang bao hidu viing ddt td't, khdng cd ma quy qudy pha mdi tie'n hanh xay dyng nhd dugc. Trudng hgp cac hat gao cd xd dich nhung khdng siit me se tid'n hanh dyng lang (dyng nha lang) theo hudng xd dich. Nd'u 8 hat gao khdng dugc nguydn ven cd nghia la ddt rd't ddc, nhieu ma lim quy phai bd di tim vung khac. Sau khi tim dugc viing ddt nhu y ca vl dilu kidn cu tni, san xudt ldn tin ngudng tam linh, chu Iang se tid'n hanh lam Id ciing Yang thd dia (thd dia {Yang Sug) trudc khi dyng Iang. Trong Id ciing nay, cac thanh vidn trong lang phai cd nghia vu la ddng gdp Id vat (Ign, ga, gao, rugu ). Day vfta la quyIn Ipi vita la trach nhidm ciia dan lang. Nd'u gia dinh ca nhan nao khdng ddng gdp, chu Iang cd quyIn khdng cho nhftng ca nhan, gia dinh dd dinh cu, xay dyng nha trong viing da't thudc lang. Thii ty dyng nha cung dugc luat tuc Bru - Van Kieu quy 30
  33. dinh kha rd: ngdi nha dugc dyng ldn ddu tien la nha Iang, tilp dd la nha chii lang cac gia lang rdi mdi den nha ciia dan lang. Trong thdi gian dyng lang, ddng bao Bru - Van Kilu thyc hidn mdt sd kidng eft nhu: dem vl nam ma tha'y canh an udng, canh bdng be nhau ra di, canh dau dm tan tat dd la diem gd bao hieu mdt tuomg lai khdng td't dep, Iiic dd dii mudn hay khdng chii lang cQng phai ddi lang di ncri khac, hoac kidng khdng an thit con mang, ca chinh, ga rimg trong thdi gian dyng lang de trdnh xui xeo, nii ro cho cdng ddng Iang. Tft khi dyng lang dd'n liic ve d, ngudi Bru - Van Kieu cdn phai trai qua rdt nhiiu nghi Id ciing bai, kidng cS. Sau 3 nam, Iang phai td chiic ciing 1 con trdu, 7 con ga, gao rugti dl ta om Yang da mang nhiiu binh an, thinh vugng cho Iang. Nhftng quy dinh nay dii mang ddm mau sic md tfn nhung Iai ludn dugc ddng bao Bru - van Kilu coi trgng va tuan thii thyc hidn mdt each nghidm ngat. [29] Ngay xua khi ddt rftng edn nhiiu, cdn td't, vide ddi lang dugc tid'n hanh kha phd bid'n. Theo dd la quyen sd hftu cung dugc md rdng cung vdi quy md ban lang. Vl sau, khi ddt dai cin cdi va bi thu hep thi vide chgn dd't Idp Iang gdn vdi vide xdc dinh ranh gidi gifta cac Iang vdi nhau. Tinh cha't quan trgng ciia cac nghi Id trong xay dyng Iang ban cdn dugc thi hien ca trong khau chgn ddt dyng nha. Mac du chii ldng da chgn dugc viing da't vfta f dl xay dyng Iang ban nhung vide chgn dd't dyng nha Iai la cdng vide ciia cac gia dinh trong Vdn. Trong pham vi ranh gidi lang, luat tuc dam bao quyIn ty do chgn lya ddt de xdy dyng nha dd'i vdi mgi thanh vidn. Tuy nhidn cac thanh vidn phai cd trach nhidm thdng bao cho chii lang, tranh vi pham tdi nhung vung ddt cdm, dd't thidng, dd't edng hay ddt da cd chii, tranh xay ra tranh chdp khdng dang cd. Ld chgn dd't dyng nha cung phai trai qua hai giai doan gid'ng nhu chgn ddt lap lang nhung cd quy md nhd hem. Chu Id la chu gia dinh. Chii gia dinh cd quyIn quyd't dinh cao nhd't trong nha. Tuy nhidn quyIn quyet dinh ciia chii gia dinh cung phai tudn theo nhftng quy dinh cua lang. Khi dyng nha phai dam bao cdy ddn ndc nha minh khdng dam vao nha bdn canh. Khi vao rimg chgn gd, ngoai vide phai xin phep chu lang, gia dinh cdn phai ciing xin thdn rimg; khdng dugc chat gd d riing thidng, rftng ma. Bdn canh dd, khi dyng nha, chii nha cdn bi sy chi phd'i ciia nhirng tdp tuc kidng cO nhu: khi chat gd lam nha nhung cdy bi vudng Iai khdng dugc diing (ddng bao cho ring cdy bi vudng la do con ma can 31
  34. trd, gd dd khdng thi ldy). Mudn cd cay gd nhu y, nhdt la cay cdt cai trong nha ddng bao dung phuang phap sau: chat mdt nhdt riu vao than cay va dl nguydn riu Iai dd. Sang mai ra thdy nu roi nghia la Yang khdng ddng y, se khdng chat; cdn n^u riu vdn cim vao gd'c cay, se chat. Khi di rimg gap cay gd to, tdi vl xin thdn bao mgng, nd'u cd gidc ma tdt mai se chat cdy dd. Dd'i vdi ddng bao Bru - van Kilu, trong cac cay cdt nha cay cdt cai (cdt thd ma - Tataly) dugc chgn lya ky nhdt. Cay cdt cai la cay cdt dugc dyng ldn ddu tidn va khdng dugc thay ddi trong sud't thdi ky tdn tai ciia ngdi nha. Kd't cdu vi keo cua mdt ngdi nha Bru - van Kilu, ludn tuan theo cac con sd chan (4, 6, 8). Ddng bao thudng kidng khdng Iam vi keo theo cac con sd le (3, 5, 7, 9 ). Lang eiia ngudi Van Kieu, Ma Coong, Khua du xay dyng theo mdt cdu tnic nhd't dinh nao dd hay theo mdt md hinh ty do nhung khi dyng nha ddng bao ludn tudn thii theo nguydn tdc "lam nhd hu&ng Nam" (hoac Ddng Bdc). Ddng bao rdt kieng ngoanh mat nha hudng Tay. Theo ddng bao, hudmg Tay la hudmg cd nhiiu ma quy, hudng dd chi diing chdn ngudi ehd't, nd'u lam nha hudmg nay dd bi dau dm, dich bdnh. Ngudi Bru- Vdn Kilu rdt chii y tdi vide chgn ngay dyng nha. Thudmg khi Iam nha ddng bao hay chgn cac ngay: 5, 6, 8, 15, 16, 25, 26, 28 ciia cac thang trong nam (trft cac thang: thang Lek, thang Oong, thdng Ut). Ngudi Bru - Van Kilu quan nidm: thdng Lek la thang ddu nam, thang thudmg didn ra Id hdi; thang Oong la thang cud'i nam, thang cua nghi ngai sau vu mua. Cdn thang Ut la thang cd thdi tid't xdu. Nd'u lam nha vao nhftng thang dd trong nha se hay bi dau dm. [29] Khi nha da hoan thanh va ehudn bi chuyin ldn d, ddng bao Bru - Van Kilu bao gid cQng thyc hidn ddy dii cac nghi 11 bit budc nhu: chgn ngay gid ciing ma nha mdi, ta cm Yang, trinh bao vdi gia tien, cam an dan Iang da giup dd gia dinh trong thdi gian Iam nha Ll nay bit budc phai cd chii Iang, gia Iang, trudng hg dd'n dy. Ld vat bit budc bao gdm Icon Ign, 13 con ga (nd'u gia dinh kha gia cd thi Cling thdm nhiiu thii khac). Mdt dilu quy dinh cho chu nha mdi la trong 3 ngay 3 dim ddu, phai gift cho bd'p ludn cd lita, khdng dugc tit. Nd'u de bd'p tit nghia la da cd sai sdt gi dd vdi Yang, Yang gian dft bd di, khdng phii hd cho gia chil. Luat tuc Bru - Van Kieu quy dinh, ngudi budc ldn nha mdi ddu tidn phai la trudmg hg, kd' dd'n la dng cau. Trudng hg la ngudi dugc chii nha giao cho trach nhidm xua dudi ta ma trong nha mdi. Liic gdn tdi ciia ngay ddu tidn cua ngdi nha mdi, ngudi trudng hg Id'y mdt cay mia nung kfta sau dd dap manh vao cay cdt cai 32
  35. tao thanh mdt tid'ng nd. Theo ddng bao khi nghe tid'ng nd ma quy se sg hai bd di. Chfnh vi the, neu chii lang tao ndn dugc tid'ng nd ldn bao nhidu thi dugc ngudi dan mimg vui bdy nhidu. Cach bd tri trong nha cua ngudi Van Kilu, Ma Coong, Khua thudng gin vdi chftc nang sit dung, gin vdi nhftng vai trd xa hdi khac nhau va bao gid ciing tuan theo mdt nguydn tdc nhdt dinh. Cac thanh vidn trong gia dinh tiiy theo vai trd va chftc nang, thft bac ma sft dung, khdng dugc ldn ldn. Bdi gia dinh ciia ngudi Bru - Van Kilu ngoai chftc nang cu tni cdn bilu hidn chftc nang xa hdi cua cac thanh vidn trong gia dinh, hay mang nhftng gia tri tam linh. Trong mdt ngdi nha cua ngucri Van Kilu, Ma Coong, Khua gian ngoai (gian khach) la ncri dung dl thd ciing va tid'p khach nam gidi. Day cQng la noi nghi ciia chu gia dinh (chdng va con trai ldm). Luat tuc quy dinh chi em phu nu khdng dugc ldn, ngdi chai, nim ngii hay tid'p khach d gian ngoai. Tuy nhidn trong nhumg dip cdn thid't (hdi he. Id tl, cudi xin ) ngudi phu nft cd the d gian ngoai nhung chi dugc gidi ban trong khdng gian nha't dinh (trong phdn Pum). Vide phdn chia phdn Pum va Poong trong gian ngoai la mdt bilu hidn ciia sy phdn chia ngdi thii trong gia dinh. Han nfta vide danh cho Yang nhftng khu vyc ridng bidt vdi nhiiu quy dinh vl kidng eft thi hidn sy tdn trgng dd'i vdi Yang. Trong trucmg hgp , nd'u chu nha cd hai vg, khi dd vg ea dugc chuyen ldn sd'ng d phdn Pum ciia gian ngoai, nhung khdng dugc ldn phdn Poong, khu vuc danh rieng cho chdng va con trai ldn. Tuy nhidn khi da dugc chuyin sang d phdn Pum, luat tuc cdm ngudi vg ca sinh boat vg chdng vdi ngudi chdng ciia minh vi nhu thi se Iam d ul dd'n td tidn, ddng hg va Yang. Ddng bao Bru - Van Kilu cho ring khi vg ca chuyin ldn gian ngoai, theo dd vai trd ciia hg se thay ddi theo. Ngudi vg tft mdt thanh vidn trong gia dinh trd thanh khach ciia gia dinh. Phdn cdn lai ciia ngdi nha Bm - Van Kilu la gian trong (gian budng). Gian trong la chd ngii, sinh boat cua vg va nhftng ngudi thudc phai nft trong gia dinh. Day cung la noi dl dd dac, ncri ngu ciia khach nft, cua con trai khi cdn nhd. Vide phan chia ngdi nha thanh gian trong va gian ngoai d ngudi Bru - Van Kilu khdng chi cd y nghia vl cu tni ma cdn cd y nghia vl mat xa hdi. Nd'u ngudi chdng d gian khach dam nhan vai trd giao tid'p, dd'i ngoai, vdi chftc nang dai didn thi ngudi vg d gian trong ddng nghia vdi vai trd cua ngudi ndi trg. Sy phan chia nay thi hien kha ro tfnh chdt phu quyIn trong gia dinh ciia ngudi Bru - Vdn Kilu. 33
  36. Trong mdt ngdi nha cua ngudi Van Kieu, Ma Coong, Khua du rdng hay hep cung chi cd hai cfta: ciia chfnh gin vdi gian trdn danh ridng cho nam gidi; cua phu gin vdi gian trong danh cho nft gidi. Thdng thudng trudc day, cdu thang vao cita d gian ngoai, ngudi phu nft khdng dugc sit dung. Nha ciia ngucri Van Kieu la kieu nha san khdng ldn lim, thudng chi dii cho mdt gia dinh vdi ddi vg chdng va cac con cai ciia hg cu tni. Gian chfnh thudng la ncri tie'p khdch, gdc trong cd cdt cd thd ma (tataly ang), tie'p de'n la noi nghi ngoi cua ngudi gia, vg chdng, con cai. Nhin chung sy bd tri ben trong mdt ngdi nha cua ngudi Van Kilu tuomg ddi thd'ng nhdt. [8] 04 ^ 11 / Id .10 1 (Scr do mat bdng cua mot ngdi nhd ngudi Vdn Kieu) Chu thfch: 1. Cdu thang chfnh 7. Chd ngii cua khach 2. Cdu thang phu 8. Chd ngii ciia ngudi gia 3. Cita s6 9. Chd ngii cua ddi vg chdng 4. Cdt thd ma 10. Chd ngii eiia concai 5. Bd'p khach 11. Nai de dd dac 6. Bd'p gia dinh. Cac nhdm Tri, Khua, Ma coong, thdng thudng cac budng trong ngdi nha dugc each ngan bdi nhung tdm phdn dan bing nfta va mdi budng cd mgt cfta so nhd. ^^ ^ ? \ D O {Sa d6 mat bdng cua mdt ngoi nhd ciia cdc nhom Tri, Khua, Ma cooôg)[8] 34
  37. Theo phong tuc cua ngudi Van Kieu, dyng ngdi nha mdi, cdng vide ddu tidn la chdn cdt thd ma (tatal yang). Cdt nay phai la gd td't, khdng ty vd't, mdi mgt va phai do ngucri cau dam nhidm vide xay dyng. Tatal yang tugng trung cho noi cu ngu cua hdn ma, ndn ngudi Van Kilu tuydt dd'i gift gin va ed nhiiu kidng cu dd'i vdind. Nhu thC tuy vao dia hinh, vao vide bd tri cac "dung' ma da hinh thanh nhiiu kilu dang lang khac nhau trong cac dan tdc d miin tay Quang Binh. Nhung du d hinh dang lang nao, vl dai thi cac "dung" trong mdt Vii diu nhdt thie't phai hudng tdi ngdi nha chung (xu hay guai) ciia lang. Ngdi nha chung ciia lang dugc xay dyng to, dep, cdng phu. Trudc day bao quanh lang (khu vyc cu tni) ed cac hang rao chic chin bing tre. Id d, tre cd gai nhim dl chd'ng thii dft, trdm cip, giac gia. Khi rao ldng ddng bao cd lam mdt cdng chfnh de ra vao. Giua cac Vii (lang, ban) vdi nhau bao gid cung cd ranh gidi dugc xac dinh bing nhung diem mdc cu thi. Mdi Vii cd mdt tdn ggi rieng. Ddng bao Bru Van Kilu thudmg la'y tdn cac con sdng, con sud'i, nggn mii, tuyin thuyen lam ten ggi cho Vii (lang) cua minh. Cung nhu ngudi Van kilu d nha san, ngudi Khua cung d nha san. Nha san dugc kd't cdu nhu sau: Theo chilu dgc, ldy ndc nha lam ehudn thi phfa trudc thudc mai nha trudc, phfa sau thudc mdi nha sau. Phfa trudc cd hai ciia, mdi cfta bic mdt cdi thang dl vao nha. Cach bd tri trong nha nhu sau: Phfa trudc thudc mai trudc. Vao ciia trdn gap ngay chd cho con rl dd'n d an ngil. Kd' dd vao phfa sau la phdng khach ngu, tid'p chd cho con rl d la bep ndu an, rdi de'n budng dat cdi gia va dung cu lam an. Phfa sau phdn gifta phdng khach va budng de cdi gia va dung cu lam an la phdn lam budng ngii cho cha me, con trai cd vg mdt budng, con gai cd chdng d rl mdt budng, Con rl duomg thdi Adud'c (d rl) thi chi ldn xud'ng cfta trong, an d di lai phfa dudi. Chd thd dng ba td tidn: Chi cd ngudi trudng tdc dugc thd dng bd, td tidn. Ban thd la mdt cai bd dat trdn ddu hoac treo trdn ddn tay trong budng nim ciia dng trudng tdc. Dudi san nha, la ncri cho ga, Ign, bd d. Thdi gian gdn day d mdt sd ncri ddng bao da lam chudng Ign, chudng trau, bd. Cdn lai vdn con tha rong.Tdt ca mgi thft cay trdng dl an ud'ng diu trdng d nuomg rdy xa nha d. Chi cd bd phan Iam va d nha da't gidng nhu ngucri Kinh.[16] 35
  38. Tdm lai khdng gian cu tni ciia ngudi Chiit va Bru Van kilu thudng d lung chftng nui, mdt ddi noi la mat bing ciia nhftng thung lung hoac dgc theo cac con sud'i, ddng sdng nhd. Ngay nay ddng bao dan tdc d viing Phong Nha-Ke bang phdn Idm da dinh canh, dinh cu. Ca cdu lang ban cung tit dd cd nhiiu thay ddi. Lang dugc bd tri dgc theo cac true dudng giao thdng hoac lang mdi thanh lap d nhiing ncri thuan lgi cho vide di lai do kd't qua ciia vide thyc hidn cac dy an va chil truang giao ddt, giao rftng. Nha cfta cQng ed nhiiu kilu khac nhau. Thyc tl hidn nay d vung Phong Nha- Ke Bang tdn tai 3 kilu nha: Mdt la, kilu nha xay bing xi mang do cdc chuang trinh, dy an thuc hidn Hai la, nha d truyin thdng cua ddng bao cac tdc ngudi. Ba la, kilu nha kd't hgp gifta ngudi Kinh va dan tdc. Dilu dd cho tha'y sy anh hudng cua chfnh sach xa hdi va mdi trudng van hoa da cd tde ddng khdng nhd dd'n vide bao tdn, phat triln nhumg gia tri van hod cua cac dan tdc d khu vyc nay. n.2.2. Y PHUC VA TRANG Strc a. Y phuc va trang siic ciia ngudi Chiit Y phuc la mdt bd phan quan trgng ciia nin van hda vat chdt. Nd phan anh trinh dd phat trien kinh te xa hdi, y thftc thdm my, tam ly dan tdc cua mdt cu dan trong mdi trudng ty nhidn nhdt dinh. Trang phuc cua ngudi Chiit cdn rdt thd sa. Trudc day, trong hoan canh sd'ng qua khic nghidt, da sd cac nhdm ngudi Chut diu dl tdc dai, bui td'c sau gay. d hg, trang sftc hdu nhu khdng cd, cdn trang phuc hd't sftc ngheo nan dom gian. Dan dng, dan ba diu Id'y vd cay lam ao khd. Cay thucmg chgn de ldy vd lam do, vay la nhftng sui, rang, si , do trudc khi bdc vd, hg thudmg dung mdt hdn da hoac mdt doan gd gd diu ldn day, rdi dung dao hoac rua bdc vd than cay dd. Bdc xong tittig tdm, hg dimg gay hoac da dap nat ldp vd cumg bdn ngoai rdi dung tay vd qua va dem ngam nudc tft 3 dd'n 15 ngay. Khi Idp vd ciing ngam nudc bi nhun ra, hg dem vd nhieu ldn cho ldp vd nay rcri rung hd't. Td'm vd cdy chi cdn Iai mdt ldp vd sgi nhu tdm vai thd. Hg dem giat va dan diu cac sgi ra. Sau dd ngudi ta dem phcri khd rdi dung day rftng budc thanh timg chid'c kche. Kche la mdt tdm vd cay ldn choang qua ngyc. Cung cd loai kche dugc khoet Id trdn trdn tdm vd cay gdp ddi, hai nach hd, phai dung day that sat vao ngudi. Dd la loai do ehui cd phd bid'n d ngudi Pdline, ngudi Indidng Chau My va dugc ggi 36
  39. chung mdt thuat ngft la "Pdng sd" (Poncho). Ngoai do, ddng bao cdn Idy vd cdy lam thanh cac ta ui nhu cai vay md, hoac Iam thanh cai tong toi nhu cai khd day dl mac Trong thdi gian gdn day, vdi sy vdn ddng dinh canh dinh cu, ngudi Chiit chiu sy tac ddng manh me vl y phuc ciia ngucri Ngudn ( mdt nhdm dia phuang cua ngudi Vidt 6 miin tay Quang Binh) va y phuc cua nhdm Khiia thudc dan tdc van Kieu, chi trft bd phan nhd dang sdng tai cac hang mii giap bidn gidi Vidt Lao la vdn cdn gift y phuc bing vd cay. Bd phan tie'p thu y phuc ngudi Khiia mac vay nhieu mau. Cac mau phan bd theo nhihig dudng sgi ngang. Cdu tao ciia may dugc chia Iam ba phdn: phdn ddu vay( klode), phdn thdn vay (a van), phdn chan vay (a chun).Toan bd vay dai khoang 0,8 m. Vay cd mau nau sdm Idn vdi hoa van hinh thoi mau vang nhat d ddu va chan vay. Nhdm nay cd do mau tring md hoac den, may ra't chat, cd kilng, tay ao hep va ngan.[8] Bd phan ngudi Sach chiu anh hudng cua y phuc ngudi Kinh, phu nft mang loai vay kin mau den khdng cd hoa van , cd day rut d ddu vay, gidng nhu vay cua ngudi Kinh, vung khu Bd'n cu trudc ddy. Vl trang sftc, d nhdm ngudi Sach, ngudi phu nft thudng deo loai hoa tai bang bac hay ddng (hinh canh hoa mai nd) va chudi hat cudm mua dugc ciia ngudi Viet hay ngudi Ldo, ft thdy trudmg hgp phu nft deo vdng. Cac nhdm cdn lai dung trang sftc rd't dom gian va thucmg gdn liln vdi tfn ngudng dan gian. Ngudi dan ba Rue, Arem, Ma Liing trudc day thudmg deo nhumg vdng vd d'c niii d cd (lon pa kan) nhu chudi hat cudm ciia ngudi Kinh. Hg nhat nhung vd d'c niii, rdi diing que due Id xuyen qua. Sau dd hg xau cac vd d'c lai vdi nhau bing mgt sgi day may. Ddng bao quan nidm ngudi phu nft deo vdng d'c vao se gap may min trong cdng vide hai lugm. Cdn dan dng thudng deo vud't hd, rang nanh Igm rftng. Ddng bao ldy vud't hd va rang nanh Ign rftng phai khd, khoan Id nhd d phdn trdn, rdi xdu cac vat dd lai bing mdt sgi day rung, tao thanh cai vdng deo d cd. Ddng bao quan nidm nhung vat dd la " bua hd mdnh", giiip cho hg tranh dugc thu dft, gap may min trong san bin. Ngudi Rue cdn la'y vd cay trong rimg dl mac va dip. Dd la cac cay: rang, cu mach, dddc, an dang, tacoong, cha khang. Tuy diing vd cdy di mac nhung ngudi Rue da bid't sft dung mau sic trong y phuc. Trong 6 loai cay tren thi 3 loai ddu mau tring cdn 3 loai sau cd mau dd. D6 mac cua dan dng, ngucri Rue ggi la 37
  40. ke cha tdi (cai khd). Dd mac cua dan ba ggi la ke cha ui. Cha ui cd hai kilu: dung dl quail tft bung trd xudng (nhu cai vay) va dung dl quang qua cd che lung (nhu cai khan). Cai dung dl dip ngucri Rue ggi la ke khum.[18] Cach chi tac: Trudc hd't hg chgn nhftng cay cd dudng kfnh tft 20 dd'n 30 cm dl ldy vd. Sau dd hg dung td eg chat va nay dl bdc tdm vd theo y mud'n hoac lam cha tdi, lam cha ui, hoac lam khum. Bdc xong tftng tdm, hg dung gay hoac da dap nat ldp vd cumg bdn ngoai rdi dem ngam nudc 3-5 ngay. Khi Idp vd ciing ngdm nudc bi nhun ra, hg dem vo nhiiu ldn dl ldp vd cftng rcri rung hd't va tdm cd cay ehi cdn lai mdt Idp sgi gid'ng nhu mdt tdm vai thd. Hg dem giat nhiiu ldn va dan diu cac sgi dl dung. Mudn Iam chan dip thi hg phai can nhieu tdm lai vdi nhau. Ngucri Rue edn sft dung khan bing vd cay nguydn lieu la vd cay sui, rang. Si, de. Ky thuat lam Kche (ao) cung Iam tuang ty nhu khan bing vd cay, nhung day la tdm dung lam ao. T&i vd cay Idn dung dao khoet Id trdn d gifta trdn tdm vai gd'p ddi, hai nach hd, diing ddy that qua ngudi. Ngudi Chiit cung sii dung vay, khd bing vd cay Trudc day ngudi Rue, A Rem ty Iam vd cay tude dap vd, ngam d sud'i tft 3 dd'n 1 5 ngay, dung tay vd cho vd roi rung hd't vd chi cdn lai ldp sgi Sau dd dung lam vay, khd. Ngay nay vay dugc mua lai cua ngudi Lao. Vay bing vai sgi cd nhiiu mau, phan bd theo dudng sgi ngang. Vay cd 3 phdn: ddu, than, chan vay. Khi vdn vay xong cd ngudi dung that lung bing bac (mua d Lao) dl bude. Hidn nay ridng trang phuc ciia dan dng la do qudn mua cua ngudi Vidt (Gid'ng nhu ngudi Viet). b. Y phuc va trang sure ciia ngudi Bru-Van Kieu Y phuc: Ddng bao Bru - Vdn Kieu ft bid't trdng bdng ddt vai. Ngay xua ngudi Bru - Vdn Kilu chi bid't sit dung nguydn Hdu san cd trong thidn nhien nhu vd cay, la cay rittig dl che than. Loai cay dugc ddng bao sft dung thdng dung nhdt la cay Aning - mdt loai cay mgc ven cac con sud'i. Ddng bao cdn sft dung Aning de lam chan dip. Vl sau trong an mac cua ngudi Bru - Van Kilu da cd nhiiu each tan ddi mdi, chiu nhiiu anh hudmg cua ngucri Kinh, ngudi Lao. Tuy vay trong cac ngay hdi truyin thd'ng, ddng bao vdn mac nhftng trang phuc cd truyin cua dan tdc minh. Ao mac truyen thd'ng cua ddng bao Bru - Van Kilu thudng khdng cd d'ng tay, c6 dugc khoet trdn hoac vudng. Co va Iai ao dugc trang tri bang nhumg dudng viln mau vang, mau dd. Vay cua phu nft Bru - Vdn Kilu thudng dl 38
  41. nguyen ca tdm vai to ma khdng may, khi mac qudn vao quanh than dudi dfnh bang kim gam, hoac mdt scri day vai budc chat. Bd y phuc ciia nam gidi ngoai khd, do cdn cd them khan ddi ddu lam bing vai cd nhiiu mau sic sac sd. Cd hai loai khan khac nhau: khan chai mau cham diing bing ngay va khan hinh chft nhat dung trong cac dip IS hdi. Khan dung trong Id hdi cd mau cham sdm ( dai khoang 1,5 - 1,7m, rdng khoang 25 - 30cm) dugc trang tri bing nhftng hoa vin sgc ngang va nhftng dudng chi vang dd. Trang sure: Nd'u trong y phuc ft nhiiu da mdt di nhftng loai hinh tmyen thd'ng keo theo nd la nhung ll nghi tap tuc lien quan, thi trong trang sftc d ngudi Van kilu. Ma Coong , Khua, Tri cdn gift lai kha nhieu yd'u td cd xua. Dd la nhftng vdng kilng, vdng bac, hoa tai, vdng chan, vdng cd va nhftng hinh xam trdn than thi. 6 ngudi dan dng Bru - Van Kilu cdn cd thdm chid'c tdu. Trang sftc cua ngudi Bru - van Kilu cho ta rdt nhiiu thdng tin vl nhan sinh quan cung nhu the gidi quan. Vf du: vdng bac d nhftng dfta tre mdi ra ddi vfta la cua hdi mdn (tai san) vfta cd tac dung trft ma quy (tfn ngudng). 6 nhftng ngud Idm tudi, trang sftc bilu hidn sy phat dat giau cd (vi the xa hdi), nhdt la d ngucri phu nft cdn mang y nghia gia dinh (hdn nhan). Dd'i vdi nam gidi Bm Van Kilu, nhiing dd trang sftc nhu: mdng cgp, nanh gdu, rang Ign rftng, mang y nghia xa hdi nhiiu ban: vai trd, sy thdng minh, long dQng cam. Trong dd tuc xam minh va ca rang trd thanh tap quan phd bid'n mang nhieu y nghia: bieu hidn sy trudng thanh eiia ca nhan vl mat xa hdi, gia dinh. Ddng bao quan nidm sau Id ca rang, ca nhan dd mdi trd thanh thanh vidn chfnh thftc cua Vel mdi dugc xa hdi tdn trgng. Ngudi van Kilu xua kia, nam cQng nhu nft diu ed tue bui tdc. Chua cd chdng, ngudi phu nft bui tdc vl bdn trai va sau khi lap gia dinh hg lai biii trdn dinh ddu. Do nghi ddt khdng phat triln, ngay trudc each phyc sftc cua ddng bao rdt dom gian va ban chd'. Ngudi ta thudng ngam vd cay Aming dap ra de lam khd va chan dip. Dd'n khi trao ddi dugc vai mac, dan dng phdn ldn thdi ba'y gid vdn cdn d trdn ddng khd va phu nft Van Kilu mac vdy. Vdy ciia hg khdng dai, thudng chi qua ddu gdi tft 20 dd'n 25cm. Ao mac ciia ddng bao thudng ehui ddu va khdng cd tay, cd khoet hinh trdn hay vudng. Lai va cd do dugc viln bing vai dd, tring hoac vang.[8,29] Cac loai vat dung phuc vu cudc sd'ng vat chdt va tinh thdn ciia ngudi Bru van kilu: Ngudi Khua, Tri, Ma coong khdng cd ban sic trong cai mac. Nghi ddt 39
  42. khdng phdt triln. Cac loai do qudn, dd trang sftc diu vay mugn, trao ddi vdi ngucri Kinh, ngucri Lao. Trudc day cudc sd'ng ciia hg hoang sa, nhdt la ngucri Ma Coong. Hg khdng mac qudn ao ma chi dimg vd cay Aming dap ra dl lam khd, do va chan dip. Sau nay do trao ddi, vay mugn vdi ngudi Kinh, ngucri Lao hg da thay ddi each an mac. Sau day la thd'ng kd mdt sd loai dd trang sftc dd tfn ngudng, thd cung va nhac cu cua ddng bao Van kieu, Ma Coong , Khua, Tn [50,51,52] Khuyen tai (Tang) Dugc lam tft bac, nhdm cd khi la vang. Scri nhdm, ddng dugc ddng bao udn thanh hinh gid'ng nhu ludi cau, mdt ddu nhgn gid'ng mui ten, nhu chid'c khuy do dl gift khdi roi. Hinh dang nhu ddu hdi. Phuang phap lam thu cdng: gd va ban udn tft kim loai nhdm, bac. Dai 3,5cm; rdng 2cm. NhSn (xa bet) Nhdn la loai trang sftc cua ngudi Bru - Van kilu, ddng bao mua cua ngudi Vidt, Lao. Chdt lidu nhdm, bac, vang. Cd khi hg ty lam ldy bing each gd nhdm, bac. Vdng tay (Chiic) Vdng tay dugc Iam bing bac, nhdm. Hinh dang nhu vdng trdn ciia ngudi Vidt nhung ed chfta hd mdt doan, khoang 2 3cm. Vdng hai ddu doan hd nhd ddn phdn gifta to, cd khi cd canh gdn nhu vudng. Vong cd (Koong) Dd trang siic bing bac, cd khi bing nhdm, hoac bang chudi cudm. Loai nay ddng bao cung mua cua ngudi Lao. Ac (A dua) Ao cua ngudi Bru Van Kieu thudng may tay, gdm cd 3 than mau xanh hoac mau den. Tft cd xud'ng vai cd ta nep, thdu va cue do la nhftng ddng xu Viet Nam thudc Phap (ddng tien Ddng Duong), xu cua nudc Viet Nam dan chii cdng hda. Vay (San) 40
  43. Vay la trang phuc ciia phu nft Bru Van Kilu. Hg khdng ty san xudt dugc ma mua ciia ngudi Lao, ngudi Cotu. Vay mau den hoac trang tri hoa van phdn chan vay. Kiem Thanh kig^m ngudi Van Kilu thudng dugc xem la vat linh thidng. Khi hdi vg, cudi chdng. Id vat ddu tidn dua ra la thanh kid'm. Thanh kid'm la dd'i tugng thd cung cua ngudi Bru - Van Kilu. Nen bac Day la bilu hidn sy giau cd cua hg. Bac nen cd xudt xft tft thdi ky phong kid'n cai tri. Hinh dang chft nhat, bdn trdn cd khic chft Han. Kul tumeo La vat tfn ngudng dan bing lat giang treo d ddu hdi nha san dl cdm ngudi la va thdy cung vao nha khi trong nha cd ngudi sinh. Mu (Mupc) Mu ddi ddu, khan vdn ddu (pha mdn) dl budc mui tdc trdn dinh ddu cua ngudi Bru Van kilu.Trong cac dip Id hdi nhu Id hdi dap trdng, phu nft thudng bui khan vudng chft nhu md qua mau sic sac sd de cung. Phu nft deo hoa tai bing bac hinh canh hoa mai nd hoac chudi cudm (mua cua ngudi Lao, ngudi Viet). -Vdng tay bing bac, nhdm: Vdng d gifta cd chfta hd mdt doan. Dd day cua vdng la lem. Vdng dugc ggi la cha pan. Codng (kodng): dung deo d cd ciia ngudi phu nft. Chdt lieu thudng la bac. La cua hdi mdn ciia bd me cho con gdi. Nd cdn cd tdn ggi la chuc (vdng cudm). Luc lac: Chdt lieu la bac, ddng hinh chid'c vdng cd treo thdm qua luc lac deo d chdn tre em. - Khuydn tai: Hinh trdn, hinh dau hdi, chdt lidu bing bac, nhdm. Phdn ldn mua cua ngudi Lao, Vidt. Cd mdt sd ty gd ldy bing sgi nhdm, dung de lam trang sftc cho minh. Nd'u la bing vang la do hg ty mua sdm cho minh khi cd sy giao luu, trao ddi vdi ngudi Viet 41
  44. Nhin chung, y phuc va trang sftc ciia cdng ddng cac ddn tdc ft ngucri trong khu vyc Phong Nha - Ke Bang bet sftc dan gian va khdng tim thdy ddu dn ban sic. Cac loai y phuc dugc che tac bdng nguydn lidu vd cay deu dugc hdu hit cac tdc ngucri trong khu vyc sit dung tft nhung nam 50 cua thi ky XX trd vl trudc va each lam vl co ban gidng nhau. Trang sftc ciia hdu hd't cac dan tdc trong khu vyc nay cung chi thudn tuy la nhftng vat lieu ldy dugc tft san phdm san bit, hai lugm nhu rang, mdng vud't cac loai thu du, ldng chim. It thdy ddng bao sit dung cac loai da quy va kim loai mau. Ngoai trft bac dugc sft dung nhu mdt thft cd gia tri giai ddc va trft ta. Vdi vide md rdng giao tid'p vdi cac dan tde cdng cu va can cu, nhdt la tft sau each mang thang Tam nam 1945, chfnh quyIn Cach mang da cd chfnh sach hd trg va tao dieu kidn cho ddng bao hdi nhap vdi cac cdng ddng dan tdc khac thi trang sftc va y phuc ed truyen ciia ddng bao chd' tac tft vd cay da khdng dugc ddng bao sft dung nfta ma chuyin sang sit dung nhftng chdt lidu hidn dai nhu dd may mac san, cac loai ao qudn may bing vai cdng nghidp. Tdng ldp tre khdng cdn deo trdn minh nhftng trang sftc tft san phdm ty nhidn nfta ma sit dung cac trang sftc la san phdm cdng nghidp nhu ddng hd, nhSn kim loai va cac loai da mau. n.2.3.C6NG CU SAN XUAT VA DO DUNG TRONG SINH HOAT DCJl S6NG Trong qua trinh tdn tai va phat triln dl thfch umg vdi mdi trudng ty nhidn cac tdc ngudi thieu sd trong khu vyc Phong Nha -Ke Bang da tao cho minh mdt each ling xft khdng chi trong cu tru, trang phuc ma cdn sang tao cdng cu san xudt va dd diing trong sinh boat ddi sd'ng. a. Cdng cu san xua't va do diing cua ngudi Bru - Van Kieu 1. Cdng cu san xua't kinh te Ngudi Bru- Van Kilu lam nuomg rdy. Phucmg thftc canh tac chu yd'u la trdng lua kit hgp lam nucmg rdy. Sft dung cay bip va bfta rang, dung trau bd lam sftc keo. Rudng nude mdt nam Iam hai vu. Di thu hoach lua, hg cung dung hai de cit, dao liim dl but va sau dd bd lai dua vl nha. Ngudi Ma Coong, Khua tudt liia bing tay bd vao gui nhd va chuyin sang gui Idn khi ddy (ggi la A Chdi). Hg bd lai thanh tftng bd nhd treo d gian bep. Hg dap vd lua bing chdn va phai d ndng nia. Sau dd ed't dyng trong quay dan bing may tre. 42
  45. Ngudi Ma Coong, Tri khai thac ngudn lucmg thyc d sudn ddi nui, phat dd't, tia lua nucmg, tia bdp, ngd, dau, trdng sdn lam lucmg thyc, thyc phdm. Cdng cu cd truyen cd: Dao phat (Pa pia), Riu (A chat), gay chgc la (Roal), Cao cd (Knor, Avilnl). Sau day la thd'ng ke mdt sd loai cdng cu cua ddng bao van kilu. Ma Coong , Khua, Tri . [50,51.52] l.I.Cdy: Cdng cu lam ddt la cay, do ddng bao lam Idy. Cay cd thdn cay, na cay gid'ng cay chia vdi cua ngudi Viet. Ddng bao mua cay cua ngudi Viet de phuc vu san xudt Ilia nudc. 1.2. Biia: Bfta cung dugc Iam bing gd, mua lai ciia ngudi Vidt va cung chi cd d mdt sd tdc van Kilu, Khua. 1.3. Gay chgc to tra hat (Apat,Tariel): Gay cd bit sit dung dl chgc va tra hat hoac chi cd gay (Roal) lam bing cay rftng chat, vdt nhgn mdt ddu, lam xong mua dua di dd't, dl'n mua khac chat lai cay khac. 1.4. Dung cu cdt Ida cua ngudi Bru- Vdn Kieu: Chu yd'u la hai hoac liim, hg cQng vay mugn cua ngudi Viet. (Mdt so khdng su dung chi trud't lua bing tay). 1.5. Gid dung hat giong tra hat (Ka rua xa rao): La vat dung trong sinh hoat cua ngudi con gai. Ddi khi diing dl dyng lua, bip trdn nuomg vl hoac hai rau, mang rftng dyng vao gid nay. Cd khi Ka rua xa rao dung dl dyng hat gid'ng nhu dau bip, lua de tria. Gid deo trudc bung, khi ngudi chgc Id di trudc, ngudi tria hat di sau bd'c hat tft gid de tria. Cd khi Ka rua xa rao la gid dan bing may rftng cd hoa van hinh d tram va td mau, dugc tang cho con gai khi ve nha chdng dl dyng kim chi, ciia hdi mdn cha me tang. No dugc dan bing sgi may va tre Id d (na) vdt nhgn, nhdn, dan theo ky thuat Idng mdt. Hinh khd'i try trdn, day trdn nhd, mieng hoi loe ra. Sgi dan sft chat, ben ngoai cd thit mdt sgi may te't Iai lam giay deo. Trgng lugng 0,4kg, cao 23cm, dudng kfnh 23cm. 1.6. Rua (Aeon): Dung de phat rdy, can dai, ludi thing, cd mdu. Hg ddt mua cua ngudi Viet. 43
  46. 1.7. Cuoc ldm CO ngo, liia tren nUffng (ARiene): Loai cudc nay cung dat mua cua ngudi Viet. Luoi nhd, can ngdn. 1.8. Xuc cd: (A Nugc) Ngudi phu nft Van Kilu, Khua, Ma Coong thudng diing loai nay. Hg ty dan la'y bing sgi gai, may xe lai. Hg dan hinh mit cao, d tram nhd lam thanh mdt tfci hinh vudng, sau dd cit trdn Iai, phfa mat ngoai cd vanh may cudn lam nep. Hg dung day may hoac gai cdt thit thanh vgt dung dl xuc ca. Trgng lugng 0,3kg, dudng kfnh 60cm. Cach thftc dan gid'ng nhu each dan cua ngudi Vidt. 1.9. Luai bdt cd: Ludi nay dung dl danh bit ca d cac doan sdng sud'i. Ludi mua cua ngudi Vidt. Mdt sd ncri hg ty dan, gid'ng dan ludi cua ngudi Vidt vung biln. Hoac trao ddi vdi ngudi Viet bing cac san phdm hg lam ra. 1.10.]<aRem: La dung cu dao cu mai, sin (gid'ng mai, thudng cua ngudi Vidt nhung thid't didn ngang ludi nhd ban). Ngudi Ma Coong, Khua, Tri, Van Kilu dung Xa Rem dl dao cu d rimg, hai mang rftng Cd khi dung dl chgc id tra hat dau ngd. Xa Rem dugc ren tft sit, hinh dai, ludi bet nhd Scm. Mdt ddu cd thi gin can dai 60- 70em bdng tre hoac gd tau. Ddng bao khdng ty ren dugc ma dat mua d Lao hoac cua ngudi Vidt 1.11. Dao phdt rieng- Vo dung dao: Dao do ddng bao dat mua ciia ngudi Vidt. Kilu dang phu hgp vdi ngudi di rimg. Can dao ngin, luoi dao vfta phai, ddu mui dao bing khdng nhgn, de trong hdp vd dyng dao do ddng bao ty Iam ggi la Xo ra chu. Ddng bao dung gd deo thanh hai thanh mau vang nhat, mat trong khoet ldm vao dl dyng dao, mat ngoai cd khic trang tri hinh chim, bdn dudi cd cham hinh ngudi va mdt sd hga tie't trang tri dang hinh hgc. Hai thanh gd dugc ghep lai, dung day budc lai va dat dao vao trong. Khi di rittig hg deo bdn minh hoac de phat rdy, nuomg. Trgng lugng 0,2kg, dai 34cm, rdng 7cm. 1.12. ADu: La mdt loai dung cu dung trong sinh hoat ciia ngudi Bru- Van Kilu. Dugc dan tft cay nfta Id d la'y d rftng vl, che nhd, vdt nhdn, cd khi dftgc dan bang sgi may. Adu dan thanh hinh khd'i try trdn. Mat day hoi lep nhd, trin than sudn 44
  47. phdng ra, gdn ed bdp vao. Midng dan kit hinh eon ret de ddu mui. ADu dung dyng ca, tdm, cua, dc, bit dugc d sudi ed khi dyng dao rya. Trgng Iugng 0,2kg, cao 36em dudng kfnh 15cm. 1.13. Achoi: La mdt loai dung cu gui ldn cua ngucri Van Kilu. Thudmg dung dyng cac san phdm thu hoach dugc nhu lua, sin, ngd, dau Achdi ed 2 loai: loai ldm va be. Cha't lieu dung dl dan la cay tre Id d ldy tft rftng vl, che vdt thanh nan nhd. Kilu dang Achdi gidng chiec phdu, day vudng, midng hoi loe, hinh khd'i try chdp. Ky thudt dan long ddi. Dl cd hai thanh tre kit lai hinh chft thdp. Phdn midng cd thdm vanh tre nep vao va dung sgi may nftt lai theo chieu thing dung. Trgng Iugng 0,5kg, cao 40cm, dudng kfnh 27cm. Day deo gui dugc kd't tft vd cdy rec bdc ra phai khd dan hinh con rit budc vao giii lam day ggi la Ta lanh. Sgi day dai 40em. 1.14. Mng: Day cung la loai gui, mdt dung cu dung trong sinh hoat ciia ngudi Bru- Van Kilu. Dan gid'ng Achdi nhung kfeh thudc ldn hem. Kilu dan hinh mit cao rdng 2-3cm mdt d. Dang gid'ng hinh chdp cut. Day nhd midng loe, thudng dan bing sgi may. Cd day lam quai deo cung lam bing sgi may. Thudng ddng bao dung dl gui ciii, bip, sdn d rdy, rftng vl. Trgng lugmg 1kg, cao 58cm, dudng kfnh 36cm. 1.15. Co Pa: Dung cu dl dyng dao, rya cua ngudi Khua khi di rimg phat rdy. Chdt lieu dan cung bing sgi may hoac cay na che nhd vdt thanh sgi manh kd't lai dan theo ky thuat ldng 1. Bdn trong cd cac thanh tre Iam tru. Cd Pa cd dang hinh try, day trdn, be gdc, thanh midng kd't lai. Cao 37cm, dudng kfnh midng 0,53m. 1.16. Lao ddm cd: Ty lam bing sit mai nhgn, hinh ludi xia (gin can bing tre, tnic). 1.17. Bay bdt cd (Ra Pay Xi): La mdt loai dung cu do ngudi Van Kilu ty lam bing gd, tre, nhya, sit cd cdi thanh bdy gin ludi cau sit, chi, day cudc nd'i vdi mdt doan tre cai d cac doan sdng sud'i. Ludi gdn mdi cau la giun ddt de bdy ca. Khdng cdn phai ngdi dgi cdu. Sau mdt thdi gian vai tid'ng la hg di dd gd ca. l.lS.Sinetbantia: 45
  48. La loai nd vira la sung do ngudi Ma Coong ty nghi va tao ra. Hinh gid'ng cay sung nhung ddu mQi cd gin cd gin mQi ten xin bing kim loai sit. Than sung Iam bing gd. Day cao su dugc budc vao than dl tao sy cang cua mui tdn, cd Idy CO gid'ng nhu Idy nd. Khi bin mui tdn Iao ra nhung khdng bay di vi cd sgi day bude gift kem. Sung dugc dung de di bit ca d cac doan sud'i. 1.19. Dung cu bdt trdn: (Cgp Pu Xanh) Dyng cu ty chi tao ra diing dl bit tran, rin Iam thftc an hoac dung dl trao ddi vdi ngudi Kinh. Ludi la mdt khung sit dugc ldy tft mdt doan sit 6 ud'n thanh hinh chid'c kep vira du dl kep cd con tran, rin. Nd'i ludi vdi can dai l-2,5m, can Iam bing tre hoac bing gd du cdm tay. Dung mdt doan day chic, bin nd'i budc gifta ludi va can. Khi Ifta tran, rin vao bdy sap, dung day rid't keo Iai dl gift tran khdng bi suy. Trgng lugng 0,5kg, dai 43cm, ludi 8cm, can 2m. 1.20. Bdy chim, bdy thii (Ta Rdu): Bdy chim dugc lam tft cay tre, na. Id d vdt nhd dai 20cm. Mdt ddu budc day, cd que dai, day bude thit nit sau dd dat d cac doan rftng dl bay chim cu da't, chim bim bip, ga rimg Bay thu thudng ldm bSy chudng, hoac bay thdng Igng bing day (phanh xe dap) cdi d cac doan rftng con thu di qua dl mic bdy. Hoac dao hd bdn trdn day la. 1.21.Nd(^b): Dung di san do ddng bao ty lam ldy. Cdnh nd phai dung loai gd deo dai, thdn nd bing gd lim. Day huge canh nd cung dugc bdn tft loai rd cay seng. Mui tdn lam tft sd'ng cay doac va la cay doac. Na dung san cac loai thu nhd nhu sdc, chim . 1.22.Damcd:(AR.t) Dung cu de dam ca dugc lam tft tre Id d. Che vdt thanh nan, dan hinh d'ng, mdt ddu cd chfta Id dat midng gdm cac nan tre dan ngugc vao trong. Bdn trong dat mdi nhit ca la tdm, cua gia nhd, sau dd dat d cac doan sudi dl dam ca. Xung quanh Ard chen da dl khdng bi trdi. Ard cd loai ldn cd loai be, tuy thudc vao ngudi dan. 1.23. Ong cdu cdn cdu (Cd bg): Dong bao ty lam de di cdu ca. Cdn cau la loai sao true dai 1- 1,5m. Ong cdu la mdt d'ng gd khoet rdng rudt ben trong, mat ngoai khic ranh, thanh d'ng 46
  49. day 1 cui. Ong dung dl cudn day cudc ndi vdi cdn cdu. Ong cau cd dudng kfnh 11 cm, cao 8cm. i.24.Qd:(Adang) La loai dd dung trong sinh hoat gia dinh cua ngucri Ma Coong. Dugc dan bing tre na Id d, che thanh sgi nhd, vdt nhdn, dan theo kieu ldng mdt. Day gdn hinh vudng, thanh than va mieng hai loe ra. Kit day deo gid'ng nhu chile gui. Thanh mieng dung day nhd bing may kd't gift chic va dep cho Adang. Dung dyng hat gidng dl tria khi den mua hoac trud't lua trdn nucmg, khi ddy lua chuyen sang gui (A chdi) ldn. Ngoai ra cdn dugc dung dyng rau rftng, mang rftng. Trgng Iugng 0 3kg, dudng kfnh 28,5cm, cao 20,5cm. 1.25. Khoong: La mdt loai gid dugc ngucri Ma Coong dan tft tre Id d. Hinh dang gdn gid'ng Adang. Dan sgi mdng thanh midng ty ket Iai ma khdng cdn phai dung sgi may. Day nhd thdn midng hoi loe ra. Khoong diing dyng rau, d'c, ca bdt d sud'i. Trgng lugng 0,2kg, dudng kfnh 20cm, cao 2 1, 5cm. 1.26. Gui (Phdng Gui Xa Rang) La mdt loai gui ciia ngudi Ma Coong dan dl dyng cac loai san phdm tft nuomg rdy dy trft ldm luomg thyc. Dugc dan bing tre Id d, dan 2 Idp, ldp ngoai dan sgi nhd, vdt nhdn cd cai thdm hoa van ky ha. Gdn 2/3 thdn nhudm mau den. Thanh midng dan hai dp vao gid'ng thanh chum. Trdn midng kit trdn bang sgi may. Nip ddy cung dugc dan 2 ldp cd hinh chdp ndn cut. Ky thudt dan rdt kheo leo, ldng mdt, ldng ddi. Bdn ngoai cd budc day deo gui. Tdng the nhin gidng hinh thang khd'i try. Mat trong dan nan day horn, thd horn. Loai Phdng Gui Xa Rang nay cd the dua ldn rdy dl thu hoach san phdm va sau dd gui ve nha. Nd'u gap trdi mua bdt chgt, san phdm dyng bdn trong khdng bi udt. 7.27. Riu don cdy (Achat): Dftng dl phdt ed't. Riu dat mua ludi cua ngudi Kinh. Cd mdt sd ngudi Van Kilu cd thi ren. Cac nu ddng bao ty deo va tra can dl dung. 1.2S. Bdy sap (nhum San Dudng) Bdy chudt: Do ba con ty lam. Bdy la mdt cdn tre va mdt d'ng tre cat ngin. Bdn trong dl mdi nhir la sin, cd sgi day thdng Igng budc vao cdn va mdt cai tay dl sap bay chudt, thd, nhfm. 47
  50. 1.29. Sdng sdn (TkUhng): Sling ty tao bing gd deo hinh dang gid'ng khdu sung nhung bdn trdn thanh dat mui tdn va day cao su, cd ldy cd va mui tdn. Day la su cai tid'n tft chid'c nd, na ciia ddng bao. 1.30. Cdo co (Knor, A vinh): Ngudi Van Kilu dung dl cao cd lua, cd ngd. (La loai cudc nhd gid'ng cud'e chet cua ngudi Viet). 2. Dd dung sinh hoat hang ngay Trong cudc sd'ng sinh boat hing ngay, dd dung cua ngudi Bru-Van Kilu kha dan gian. Cac dung cu diing trong gia dinh do hg ty Iam ra mdt sd. Cdn Iai la trao doi bing cac san phdm hg thu dugc d rftng, trao ddi vdi ngudi Viet. Cac loai dung cu dan ty lam bing mdy tre hoac gd. Nhftng san phdm la cdng cu bing may tre dan eye ky tinh xao va dep. Nguyen lidu dl dan chii yd'u la tre, na Id d va may rftng. Mdt vai ban cua Van Kilu, Ma Coong chi cdn Iai mdt vai ngudi cdn dan dugc cac loai vat dung. Sau day la thd'ng kd mdt sd loai dd dung cua ddng bao van kieu. Ma Coong , Khua, Tri . [50,51,52] 2.1 Mdm (Pa Diin Xang): Day la dang vfta mam, vfta re dung dyng cam, xdi, bdi ngd cua ngudi Van Kilu, Ma Coong, Khua. Ky thuat dan rdt tinh xao. Tre Id d dugc che nhd, vdt nhdn, dan theo ky thuat long ddi. Mat mam hinh trdn, mat dan day xen nhau. Cd thanh gd ndi Idn cao 7- Scm chin cho thftc an khdng dl ra ngoai. Phdn than dan gid'ng hinh ke d tram cung bing may tre- rdng mit cao Id rdng 5-110 cm. Phong cdch tao dang dep vftng chai. Tdng thi gidng khd'i try trdn, day khdng dan. Mat trdn mam gid'ng chid'c rd can ldng. Phdn chan de cd chan cai thdm thanh gd dan cheo hinh chft thap tao sy vftng chai. Theo phong tuc ddng bao dl an cam ca nha cung bd'c bing tay. Chi cd canh muc ra bat, mdi ngudi mdt bat. Bat cao 16cm, trgng Iugng 0,5kg, dudng kfnh 28cm (cd chid'c 33em). 2.2. Ray (Rudt): Dung dl hdng dd xdi, cam bdi ciia ddng bao Ma Coong, Khua, Van Kilu. Ray dugc lam tft gd cay bun ndn rdt nhe, dai khdng mgt. Thdn gd hinh tru trdn, khoet rdng bdn trong dai 30 em. Khd'i try trdn cd thanh day 5-7cm. Ben trong cd cai mdt chid'c que dl tdm dan. Tdm dan bing tre Id d dan thanh nan nhd dl khi hdng hoi nudc bd'c ldn lam ehfn hat gao. Ray dd xdi la thftc an chfnh cua ddng 48